3.2.7 Identification of main external factors
The selection of the main external factors is a result of an internal interactive workshop by experts of the Lot 1 consortium, where all external factors have been allocated and assessed in respect of their impact for the logistic sector, as well as the probability of occurrence, and complemented by result of the questionnaire. Therefore the following eight external factors were selected to be further assessed according to their impacts for transport and logistics, as well as their economic, social and environmental effects:
Ageing society;
Transport infrastructure development;
Proliferation of electronic business;
Information and communication technologies (ICT);
Supply chain resilience;
Fossil fuel scarcity;
Energy costs;
Raw material scarcity.
3.3 Identification of logistic strategies and trends
Logistic trends do not emerge on their own terms, but are, in most cases, a reaction to constant changes to the external factors and requirements of the customers. These kinds of reactions can be called “logistic strategies”.
Hence, a logistic strategy is a procedure, activity field or change of intensity of any relevance for transport and production logistics, which is a reaction to the change of one or more external factors. As the external environment is continuously changing, logistic activities (= business strategies) also have to continuously develop.
A logistic strategy states a reaction to an external change and thus will turn into a logistic trend if a logistic strategy is used permanently and widely.
Based on the result of the data research and subsequent to the identification of external factors, the study identifies the most important current, emerging and future strategies and trends in logistics and supply chain management. Within this stage of work it is crucial not only to identify the potential strategies, but to reveal and discuss the underlying assumptions and reasons behind them, in order to gather an in-depth and sufficient picture of correlations and impacts.
With the aim of elaborating contrasting, but – simultaneously comparable – scenarios, the consortium proposes a systematic approach that, as a first step, classifies the various types of logistic strategies into three major categories (see definitions in the box further down):
1. Technical and physical structure strategies;
2. Organisational and administrative strategies;
3. Information and technology strategies.
Several strategies and trends related to the supply chain physical structure, organisation and product/information flows, which will be used in the subsequent analysis, have been identified in foresight studies within the framework of earlier research projects and desk research (e.g. BE-Logic (2009), LogMan (2011) and BVL (2013).
Definitions
Technical and physical structure strategies
Strategies affecting the physical location (e.g. production, inventory-keeping, etc.) and geographical extent (e.g. supply base, sourcing, distribution, etc.) of supply chain processes, which determine the overall physical structure of the supply chain and the logistics system. (Spatial concentration/de-concentration of inventory, centralisation/de-centralisation of production, on-/off-/nearshoring of production, flexible supply base, E-commerce/-procurement, etc.).
Organisational and administrative strategies
Strategies affecting the way business processes in the supply chain are managed and performed, the extent and depth of relationships between supply chain partners, and the roles undertaken by the various supply chain partners in the execution of supply chain processes. (Collaboration between supply chain partners/supply chain integration, vertical integration, postponement (product form, logistical), outsourcing, supply chain agility/adaptability, etc.).
Product and information flow strategies
Strategies affecting the direction, extent and depth of product flows along the various supply chain processes and the associated flows of information across supply chain partners (Reverse logistics (production/logistics), ICT/Information sharing, multimodality, etc.).
Logistic trends affect freight transport demand and supply characteristics , but also demand and supply for logistics services. The performance of the logistics system is determined by the interaction between demand and supply. Demand trends refer to the evolution of demand characteristics for logistics services such as quantities transported, distances over which transportation/distribution takes place, size of shipments, inventory levels, demand for external (third-party) logistics services providers (3PL), demand for different types of 3PL services, demand for value-added services (e.g. aftermarket), etc. Supply trends refer to the evolution of supply characteristics of logistics services, including vehicle characteristics, service provision (e.g. number of 3PL service providers) and infrastructure characteristics (e.g. development of transport corridor and terminal infrastructure, and development of infrastructure for cargo handling, size/area and location of warehouse/storage facilities).
Following the identification of external factors and logistic strategies by means of the mentioned literature and sources, the following 14 logistic strategies/trends were considered to be relevant for and within the logistic sector at present and in future.
Description
On-/off-/nearshoring
Onshoring is the counterpart to offshoring and denotes the (re)location of operations back to the market. The reasons for that are various, such as increased flexibility, better market access, avoidance of high transport costs, etc. This term has to be clearly distinguished from the term insourcing, which is related to the reintegration of an activity into the company. Insourcing is also often referred to as vertical integration.
Offshoring denotes the (re)location of operations, especially production processes, abroad in a country where operational costs such as labour costs are lower. For the sake of reducing the negative side-effects of operational costs, such as increasing transportation costs, longer lead times, etc. are accepted. Offshoring has to be distinguished from the term outsourcing, which means that an external party supplies an activity. Outsourcing is therefore related to a change in the organisational structure of a company, whereby offshoring is related to the geographical dispersion of a company. Typical offshore regions are located in Asia.
Nearshoring denotes the (re)location of operations to a country close to the European market where benefits from low operational costs can still be exploited. Typical nearshoring countries for EU companies are Eastern European Countries (Belarus, Ukraine), Turkey and North African countries.
Therefore, on-/off-/nearshoring describe the spatial relation between the location of operations and the market due to the difference between transport and operational costs.
Global sales channel
Global sales channel means that enterprises geographically expand into regions all over the world to broaden their distribution channel and increase the demand basis. Companies in various sectors are continuing to pursue global growth strategies that focus on the expansion of distribution into new regions, where the BRIC countries currently represent the major targets for their expansion. But alongside this there may also emerge new problems that enterprises have little experience in dealing with; some of these are driven by economic realities, currency movements, government regulations, or access to existing logistics networks.
Centralisation/decentralisation
Centralisation means to consolidate operations in a single location/reduce the number of locations (logistic nodes as warehouses, distribution centre, transhipment point, etc.) in order to exploit economies of scale and risk pooling effects.
Decentralisation is the counterpart to centralisation and means to operate a distributed network with several (regional) locations.
Centralisation can be applied to production as well as to storage sites. In the logistics sector, hub‐and‐spoke systems are a common implementation of a centralised network structure. The possibility to increase/intensify direct deliveries (B2C) is a crucial effect of centralising distribution systems, implying the change from several warehouses to one or a few warehouses. As a further consequence of this strategy, the total amount of transport work in terms of transport performance (tkm) will increase, as freight needs to be transported on longer distances compared to a more decentralised system. Nevertheless, this strategy also positively influences the logistic strategy/trend consolidation, multimodality and “emergency deliveries” (decreasing due to higher availability in centralised warehouses).
Flexible supply base
To rely on a flexible supply base means that a company widens the number of its supply sources. This strategy is employed to mitigate risks. Furthermore, in using multiple sources, a company can exploit the cost-efficiency of one supplier and the flexibility of another at the same time.
E-commerce/E-procurement (E-business)
E-commerce, as a part of E-business (with E-procurement), is the ability to perform major commerce transactions electronically. Especially in the business-to-consumer field, E-commerce refers to retail activities over the internet. Many companies in the 1990s recognised that the internet helps to increase supply chain performance. In fact, impacts on supply chain responsiveness and efficiency can be witnessed, whereby supply chain responsiveness means the ability to gain and protect revenues and efficiency primarily refers to supply chain costs. It is crucial to know that the value of E-commerce can be different according to the industry a company belongs to. The success of E-commerce mainly depends on how companies can exploit the new oppor
3.2.7 การระบุปัจจัยภายนอกหลักผลการประชุมเชิงปฏิบัติการโต้ตอบภายในโดยผู้เชี่ยวชาญขององค์กรจำนวนมาก 1 ซึ่งปัจจัยภายนอกทั้งหมดได้จัดสรร และประเมินผิดผลภาคโลจิสติก เป็นความน่าเป็นของเหตุการณ์ และด้วยผลลัพธ์ของแบบสอบถามที่มีการเลือกปัจจัยภายนอกหลัก ดังนั้น ปัจจัยภายนอกแปดต่อไปนี้ได้เลือกเพิ่มเติมประเมินตามผลกระทบของการขนส่ง และโลจิสติกส์ ตลอดจนผลทางเศรษฐกิจ สังคม และสิ่งแวดล้อมของพวกเขา:ดีสังคมพัฒนาโครงสร้างพื้นฐานขนส่งการแพร่หลายของธุรกิจอิเล็กทรอนิกส์เทคโนโลยีข้อมูลและการสื่อสาร (ICT);ซัพพลายเชนความยืดหยุ่นการขาดแคลนเชื้อเพลิงฟอสซิลต้นทุนพลังงานการขาดแคลนวัตถุดิบ3.3 การระบุแนวโน้มและกลยุทธ์โลจิสติกแนวโน้มลอจิสติกไม่เกิดในตนเงื่อนไข เป็น ส่วนใหญ่ ปฏิกิริยาการเปลี่ยนแปลงคงปัจจัยภายนอกและความต้องการของลูกค้า ปฏิกิริยาต่าง ๆ เหล่านี้สามารถถูกเรียกว่า "โลจิสติกกลยุทธ์"ดังนั้น โลจิสติกกลยุทธ์คือ กระบวนการ กิจกรรมเขตข้อมูล หรือเปลี่ยนแปลงความเข้มของความเกี่ยวข้องใด ๆ ในการขนส่งและการผลิตโลจิสติกส์ ซึ่งเป็นปฏิกิริยาการเปลี่ยนแปลงของปัจจัยภายนอกอย่าง น้อยหนึ่ง เป็นอย่างต่อเนื่องมีการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพแวดล้อมภายนอก กิจกรรมลอจิสติก (=กลยุทธ์ทางธุรกิจ) ยังมีการพัฒนาอย่างต่อเนื่องA logistic strategy states a reaction to an external change and thus will turn into a logistic trend if a logistic strategy is used permanently and widely.Based on the result of the data research and subsequent to the identification of external factors, the study identifies the most important current, emerging and future strategies and trends in logistics and supply chain management. Within this stage of work it is crucial not only to identify the potential strategies, but to reveal and discuss the underlying assumptions and reasons behind them, in order to gather an in-depth and sufficient picture of correlations and impacts.With the aim of elaborating contrasting, but – simultaneously comparable – scenarios, the consortium proposes a systematic approach that, as a first step, classifies the various types of logistic strategies into three major categories (see definitions in the box further down):1. Technical and physical structure strategies;2. Organisational and administrative strategies;3. Information and technology strategies.Several strategies and trends related to the supply chain physical structure, organisation and product/information flows, which will be used in the subsequent analysis, have been identified in foresight studies within the framework of earlier research projects and desk research (e.g. BE-Logic (2009), LogMan (2011) and BVL (2013).DefinitionsTechnical and physical structure strategiesStrategies affecting the physical location (e.g. production, inventory-keeping, etc.) and geographical extent (e.g. supply base, sourcing, distribution, etc.) of supply chain processes, which determine the overall physical structure of the supply chain and the logistics system. (Spatial concentration/de-concentration of inventory, centralisation/de-centralisation of production, on-/off-/nearshoring of production, flexible supply base, E-commerce/-procurement, etc.).Organisational and administrative strategiesStrategies affecting the way business processes in the supply chain are managed and performed, the extent and depth of relationships between supply chain partners, and the roles undertaken by the various supply chain partners in the execution of supply chain processes. (Collaboration between supply chain partners/supply chain integration, vertical integration, postponement (product form, logistical), outsourcing, supply chain agility/adaptability, etc.).Product and information flow strategiesStrategies affecting the direction, extent and depth of product flows along the various supply chain processes and the associated flows of information across supply chain partners (Reverse logistics (production/logistics), ICT/Information sharing, multimodality, etc.).Logistic trends affect freight transport demand and supply characteristics , but also demand and supply for logistics services. The performance of the logistics system is determined by the interaction between demand and supply. Demand trends refer to the evolution of demand characteristics for logistics services such as quantities transported, distances over which transportation/distribution takes place, size of shipments, inventory levels, demand for external (third-party) logistics services providers (3PL), demand for different types of 3PL services, demand for value-added services (e.g. aftermarket), etc. Supply trends refer to the evolution of supply characteristics of logistics services, including vehicle characteristics, service provision (e.g. number of 3PL service providers) and infrastructure characteristics (e.g. development of transport corridor and terminal infrastructure, and development of infrastructure for cargo handling, size/area and location of warehouse/storage facilities).Following the identification of external factors and logistic strategies by means of the mentioned literature and sources, the following 14 logistic strategies/trends were considered to be relevant for and within the logistic sector at present and in future.DescriptionOn-/off-/nearshoringOnshoring is the counterpart to offshoring and denotes the (re)location of operations back to the market. The reasons for that are various, such as increased flexibility, better market access, avoidance of high transport costs, etc. This term has to be clearly distinguished from the term insourcing, which is related to the reintegration of an activity into the company. Insourcing is also often referred to as vertical integration.Offshoring denotes the (re)location of operations, especially production processes, abroad in a country where operational costs such as labour costs are lower. For the sake of reducing the negative side-effects of operational costs, such as increasing transportation costs, longer lead times, etc. are accepted. Offshoring has to be distinguished from the term outsourcing, which means that an external party supplies an activity. Outsourcing is therefore related to a change in the organisational structure of a company, whereby offshoring is related to the geographical dispersion of a company. Typical offshore regions are located in Asia.Nearshoring denotes the (re)location of operations to a country close to the European market where benefits from low operational costs can still be exploited. Typical nearshoring countries for EU companies are Eastern European Countries (Belarus, Ukraine), Turkey and North African countries.Therefore, on-/off-/nearshoring describe the spatial relation between the location of operations and the market due to the difference between transport and operational costs.Global sales channel
Global sales channel means that enterprises geographically expand into regions all over the world to broaden their distribution channel and increase the demand basis. Companies in various sectors are continuing to pursue global growth strategies that focus on the expansion of distribution into new regions, where the BRIC countries currently represent the major targets for their expansion. But alongside this there may also emerge new problems that enterprises have little experience in dealing with; some of these are driven by economic realities, currency movements, government regulations, or access to existing logistics networks.
Centralisation/decentralisation
Centralisation means to consolidate operations in a single location/reduce the number of locations (logistic nodes as warehouses, distribution centre, transhipment point, etc.) in order to exploit economies of scale and risk pooling effects.
Decentralisation is the counterpart to centralisation and means to operate a distributed network with several (regional) locations.
Centralisation can be applied to production as well as to storage sites. In the logistics sector, hub‐and‐spoke systems are a common implementation of a centralised network structure. The possibility to increase/intensify direct deliveries (B2C) is a crucial effect of centralising distribution systems, implying the change from several warehouses to one or a few warehouses. As a further consequence of this strategy, the total amount of transport work in terms of transport performance (tkm) will increase, as freight needs to be transported on longer distances compared to a more decentralised system. Nevertheless, this strategy also positively influences the logistic strategy/trend consolidation, multimodality and “emergency deliveries” (decreasing due to higher availability in centralised warehouses).
Flexible supply base
To rely on a flexible supply base means that a company widens the number of its supply sources. This strategy is employed to mitigate risks. Furthermore, in using multiple sources, a company can exploit the cost-efficiency of one supplier and the flexibility of another at the same time.
E-commerce/E-procurement (E-business)
E-commerce, as a part of E-business (with E-procurement), is the ability to perform major commerce transactions electronically. Especially in the business-to-consumer field, E-commerce refers to retail activities over the internet. Many companies in the 1990s recognised that the internet helps to increase supply chain performance. In fact, impacts on supply chain responsiveness and efficiency can be witnessed, whereby supply chain responsiveness means the ability to gain and protect revenues and efficiency primarily refers to supply chain costs. It is crucial to know that the value of E-commerce can be different according to the industry a company belongs to. The success of E-commerce mainly depends on how companies can exploit the new oppor
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
