for using a disaggregate origin–destination demand table as input. To account for stochasticity, five simulation runs are
performed and the average is calculated. More runs are not necessary, since only aggregated output is reported, which shows
little fluctuation across the various runs. For both PedCTM and SFM, the time period between 07:37 and 07:47 is computed,
but only results for the period between 07:40 and 07:45 are reported in order to remove a bias of an initially empty system.
Given that the studied area represents a corridor, the flow directions are mostly aligned along its axis. The many entrance
and exit areas however lead to complex flow patterns that are multi-directional and transient. During the time period of
interest, the demand in PU West fluctuates between 107 and 343 incoming pedestrians per minute, and totals to over a thousand
pedestrians over the five minutes.
Fig. 13a shows a histogram of group-specific travel times according to pedestrian tracking data and as computed by Ped-
CTM. As defined previously, a pedestrian group comprises all pedestrians that embark on the same route within the same
departure time interval. The bin size corresponds to the simulation time step, i.e., to Dt ¼ L=vf ¼ 2:22 s. PedCTM slightly
overestimates the frequency of travel times beyond 70 s, and underestimates the occurrence of short travel times below 20 s.
To allow for a comparison with the social force model, Fig. 13b provides a similar comparison of route-specific travel
times with a temporal aggregation of 60 s. The resulting mean values are shown in a histogram with a bin size of 5 s. As seen
previously, PedCTM overestimates the occurrence of long travel times, but otherwise shows a reasonable agreement with
trajectory data. The social force model seems to overestimate small travel times and to underestimate the most frequently
observed travel times in the range between 35 and 55 s. Overall, the agreement between PedCTM and trajectory data is better
than for SFM if the squared error is considered (114.4 vs. 181.6).