Correlations among the measures are presented in Table 2. The relationship between language arts and mathematics was fairly strong for both grade 4 (r=.65) and grade 8 (r=.64). Gender was not significantly related to mathematics achievement at either grade level, but was related to language arts achievement. Female students had higher language arts scores than male students in both grades four and eight. Ethnicity and SES were significantly related to both outcome measures. Minority and low-income students had significantly lower mathematics and language arts achievement than White students and those not identified as low-income, respectively. These relationships were consistent for both grade levels. The multivariate tests of significance showed that the set of three covariates was significantly related to the achievement measures at grade 4 (F (6, 546)=19.0, p<.001) and grade 8 (F (6, 476)=13.9, p < .001).
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