31 mm Hg, and pO2 of 58 mm Hg on 100% non-rebreathermask. Bedside echocardiogram demonstrated severe rightventricular (RV) dilation with signs of both RV pressure andvolume overload, severe hypokinesis of the RV free walland the ventricular septum, and good RV apical contraction.There was left ventricular (LV) cavity obliteration with noevidence of wall motion abnormality. Pulmonary arterypressure was estimated to be 50 mmHg (assuming rightatrial pressure of 15 mmHg), and a minimal pericardialeffusion was seen. A complete blood count, coagulationpanel, and basic metabolic panel were normal.The patient was immediately given normal saline anda loading dose of heparin intravenously for suspectedpulmonary embolism. The patient’s blood pressure failedto improve, so norepinephrine was initiated. A computedtomogram (CT) of the chest with pulmonary embolismprotocol confirmed large bilateral pulmonary emboli withradiological evidence of RV strain (Figures 2-4), and anon-contrast CT of the head was negative for intracranialbleeding. Given the hemodynamic compromise resultingfrom the massive pulmonary embolism, the patient wasgiven 100 mg of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) IVover two hours. Approximately one hour after the infusionof thrombolytic therapy, the patient was weaned offnorepinephrine.By the next morning the patient’s shortness of breathhad resolved, and his oxygen saturation was >94% onbreathing air. An electrocardiogram obtained 12 hours after
admission showed a normal sinus rhythm, a rate of 83, a
normal axis of 64 degrees, a normal QRS duration, and
q waves in leads II, III, and aVF. Serial cardiac enzymes
peaked on the second day of admission with a troponin I of
4.77 ng/mL (reference<0.04), CKMB of 15.8 (reference 0-5),
CPK of 184 U/L (reference 5-220) suggesting myocardial
damage from the right ventricular strain caused by the large
pulmonary embolus.
The heparin drip was changed to a therapeutic dose
of subcutaneous enoxaparin, and on hospital day two, oral
warafin sodium was started. Both enoxaparin and warafin
sodium were continued until the goal INR of 2.0-3.0 was
reached. Lower extremity venous Doppler studies revealed
an extensive thrombus in the superficial femoral vein of the
right leg. A hypercoagulable work-up later revealed that the
patient suffered from an inheritable protein S deficiency. The
patient continued to improve clinically and was discharged
home on hospital day five.
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