HEV technology for both light and heavy duty applications is commercially available today and demonstrates substantial reductions in tail-pipe emissions and fuel consumption, even when compared to other available low emission technologies. HEVs are particularly effective for urban travel, significantly lowering pollutant emissions and providing cost-effective CO2 reductions in personal mobility. Continuing innovation in hybrid technology and a growing demand for cleaner vehicles will mean that costs are likely to fall, particularly in second hand vehicle markets.