Malignancy after lung transplant
Risk factors for the development of bronchogenic lung cancer after lung transplantation include the presence of a native lung and a smoking history of more than 60 pack-years. Over the past two decades, the number of reported cases has been increasing. This subtle upward trend in the reported incidence of lung cancer in transplanted patients is likely related to an increase in age of both recipients and donors, longer survival of transplant recipients, effect of high-dose long-term immunosuppressive therapies, and the proportion of patients receiving transplants for COPD and IPF.