Conclusion
Our review of the literature has indicated that the
focus of listening research needs to shift from the test
environment to real-time, two-way communication and
bi-directional listening (Lynch, 2011; Vandergrift,
2007) and that listening involves a joint creation of
meaning between listener(s) and interlocutor(s).
Although authentic materials are valued in the
literature, little advice has hitherto been provided for
students and teachers to create and use these resources.
Another challenge of authentic listening contexts is that
the listeners have to integrate top-down and bottom-up
skills simultaneously