2.3. Safety performance
Traditionally, safety performance was primarily measured by
lag indicators such as accident rates, TRIFR (total recordable injury
frequency rate), and fatality rates to monitor safety performance
(Hinze et al., 2013b). However, such measures have been criticized
for being reactive in nature and unable to provide early warnings
of accidents (Guo and Yiu, 2013). Nevertheless, there has been a
movement towards using leading indicators to measure safety performance.
For example, safety participation and safety compliance
have been often used as useful indicators of safety performance
(Griffin and Neal, 2000; Vinodkumar and Bhasi, 2010). Safety compliance
is defined as following rules in core safety activities (Griffin
and Neal, 2000). This involves ‘‘adhering to safety procedures and
carrying out work in a safe manner” (Neal et al., 2000). Safety participation
includes behaviors that help to develop an environment
to support safety. This often involves ‘‘helping coworkers, promoting
the safety program within the workplace, demonstrating initiative,
and putting effort into improving safety in the workplace”
(Neal et al., 2000).