Discussion
The result of this study clearly shows that the teaching approach of Brown and Palincsar (1984), which was
effective for first language learners, can successfully be applied to reading classes of Indonesian learners of
English as a foreign language. Thus, the result of this study provides support for the educational value of strategy
training in EFL students reading class. That is, the students who are taught reading by using reading strategies
training technique have significantly higher scores of literal and inferential comprehension than those who are
taught using more traditional one.
This finding agrees with existing theories of reading comprehension. Schemata theory, for example, usually
draws distinction between content and formal schemata. The first type refers to background knowledge about the
topic or subject matter of the target text, while the second type refers to background knowledge of the formal,
rhetorical organizational structures of different types of text (Carrell & Eisterhold, 1992). A reader’s failure to
activate appropriate schemata, content or formal, during reading results in various degrees of
non-comprehension.
The application of reading strategies of predicting, text mapping, and summarizing trains the students to activate
their content schemata as they will have to utilize their prior knowledge of the text topic in order to be able to
create good prediction of the text content. Moreover, text mapping and summarizing training enriches the
students’ knowledge of formal schemata because one step in the training session is tracing the rhetorical
organizational structure of the text being dealt with. Therefore, the students who underwent text mapping and
summarizing training acquired more formal schemata, which then aided their reading comprehension than did
the students without text mapping and summarizing training. Consequently, the former group of students gained
better reading comprehension skill than the latter group.
Furthermore, text structure theory argues that a reader’s comprehension of a text is in part dependent upon the
text itself. Included in the textual factor is the organization of words into phrases, phrases into sentences,
sentences into paragraphs, paragraphs into a discourse or a text. Karlin (1984) states that a reader’s ability to see
the relationship between one part of a sentence and another, between one sentence and another, contributes to his
ability to comprehend the meaning of a sentence or a group of sentences in a paragraph. Cortina, Elder and
Gonnet (1989) also contend that the reader’s ability to perceive the organization of a text will result not only in
increased comprehension but also in enhanced retention. In the implementation of text mapping and
summarizing training, moreover, it is highly required that the students are able to detect the organizational
pattern of the text they are reading.
Finally, metacognition theory of reading comprehension concerns with the readers’ awareness of the strategies
they use when performing a reading task. The theory says that readers tend to be able to comprehend a text better
if they are aware of the strategies they are employing to cope with the task of reading (Carnine et al., 1990). Thus,
the students will have good comprehension if they have metacognitive awareness of the use of such strategies as
predicting, text mapping, and summarizing. Casazza (1993) also states that good readers are able to distinguish
the important ideas in the passage and summarize them into an appropriate organizational pattern.
The finding of the present study also verifies previous research findings. Bean and Steenwyk in Carnine et al.
(1990), for example, reported their research on the sixth-grade students. They compared two groups of students,
one group got an explicit instruction of how to summarize, while the other group got an advice of how to make
summaries. After a certain period of treatment, the two groups were tested and compared. The comparison
showed that the students who got explicit instruction of how to summarize outperformed those who did not in
both summary writing and reading comprehension. Flood and Lapp (1990) reported a similar finding when they
refer to Salisbury’s research on the effectiveness of summarizing training found that the students who were made
aware of the important points in the passage and asked to summarize those points had significantly increased
their reading comprehension scores. Song (1998) also reported that among Korean university students of English,
those who got reading strategy training gained better improvement scores of a reading test than those who did
not. On this point, McNamara (2007) concludes that strategy instruction of reading is particularly needed and
effective for those students who are struggling most, namely those with less domain knowledge or lower reading
skills.
The implication of the f
สนทนาผลการศึกษานี้แสดงชัดเจนว่าวิธีสอนของน้ำตาลและ Palincsar (1984), ซึ่งมีประสิทธิภาพสำหรับการเรียนภาษาแรก สามารถใช้ได้กับอ่านหนังสือเรียนของผู้เรียนอินโดนีเซียเรียบร้อยแล้วภาษาอังกฤษเป็นภาษาต่างประเทศ ดังนั้น ผลของการศึกษานี้ให้การสนับสนุนสำหรับค่าการศึกษาของกลยุทธ์การฝึกอบรมใน EFL ของนักเรียนชั้น คือ นักเรียนที่ได้รับการสอนอ่าน โดยใช้กลยุทธ์การอ่านเทคนิคการฝึกอบรมมีคะแนนสูงขึ้นอย่างมีนัยสำคัญความเข้าใจตามตัวอักษร และอ้างอิงมากกว่าผู้ที่มี สอนโดยใช้แบบดั้งเดิมค้นหานี้ตกลงกับทฤษฎีที่มีอยู่ของการอ่าน ทฤษฎี schemata เช่น มักจะดึงความแตกต่างระหว่างเนื้อหา และทาง schemata ประเภทแรกหมายถึงความรู้เกี่ยวกับการหัวข้อหรือเรื่องของข้อความเป้าหมาย ในขณะที่ประเภทที่สองหมายถึงความรู้ด้านความเป็นทางการโครงสร้างองค์กรย่อยของประเภทของข้อความ (Carrell & Eisterhold, 1992) ความล้มเหลวของผู้อ่านเปิด schemata เหมาะสม เป็น หรือเนื้อหาในช่วงอ่านผลในองศาต่าง ๆ ของจับใจความไม่การประยุกต์ใช้กลยุทธ์ ของการคาดคะเน การแมปข้อความ สรุปการอ่านรถไฟนักเรียนที่จะเปิดใช้งานschemata เนื้อหาของพวกเขาพวกเขาจะต้องใช้ความรู้ของหัวข้อในใบสั่งเพื่อให้สามารถสร้างดีการคาดเดาข้อความ นอกจากนี้ การแมปข้อ ความสรุปการฝึกอบรมเสริมสร้างความstudents’ knowledge of formal schemata because one step in the training session is tracing the rhetoricalorganizational structure of the text being dealt with. Therefore, the students who underwent text mapping andsummarizing training acquired more formal schemata, which then aided their reading comprehension than didthe students without text mapping and summarizing training. Consequently, the former group of students gainedbetter reading comprehension skill than the latter group.Furthermore, text structure theory argues that a reader’s comprehension of a text is in part dependent upon thetext itself. Included in the textual factor is the organization of words into phrases, phrases into sentences,sentences into paragraphs, paragraphs into a discourse or a text. Karlin (1984) states that a reader’s ability to seethe relationship between one part of a sentence and another, between one sentence and another, contributes to hisability to comprehend the meaning of a sentence or a group of sentences in a paragraph. Cortina, Elder andGonnet (1989) also contend that the reader’s ability to perceive the organization of a text will result not only inincreased comprehension but also in enhanced retention. In the implementation of text mapping andsummarizing training, moreover, it is highly required that the students are able to detect the organizationalpattern of the text they are reading.Finally, metacognition theory of reading comprehension concerns with the readers’ awareness of the strategies
they use when performing a reading task. The theory says that readers tend to be able to comprehend a text better
if they are aware of the strategies they are employing to cope with the task of reading (Carnine et al., 1990). Thus,
the students will have good comprehension if they have metacognitive awareness of the use of such strategies as
predicting, text mapping, and summarizing. Casazza (1993) also states that good readers are able to distinguish
the important ideas in the passage and summarize them into an appropriate organizational pattern.
The finding of the present study also verifies previous research findings. Bean and Steenwyk in Carnine et al.
(1990), for example, reported their research on the sixth-grade students. They compared two groups of students,
one group got an explicit instruction of how to summarize, while the other group got an advice of how to make
summaries. After a certain period of treatment, the two groups were tested and compared. The comparison
showed that the students who got explicit instruction of how to summarize outperformed those who did not in
both summary writing and reading comprehension. Flood and Lapp (1990) reported a similar finding when they
refer to Salisbury’s research on the effectiveness of summarizing training found that the students who were made
aware of the important points in the passage and asked to summarize those points had significantly increased
their reading comprehension scores. Song (1998) also reported that among Korean university students of English,
those who got reading strategy training gained better improvement scores of a reading test than those who did
not. On this point, McNamara (2007) concludes that strategy instruction of reading is particularly needed and
effective for those students who are struggling most, namely those with less domain knowledge or lower reading
skills.
The implication of the f
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