However, it was not until the 1920s and 1930s that researchers actually tried to determine the power of mass communication in shaping values and behaviors of citizens. The motivation to learn more about the ways in which media could influence the public was provided, in large measure, by Adolf Hitler's propaganda machine, which seemed to have captured the minds of the German people through movies and staged rallies, and by the use by the use of the radio by Benito Mussolini in Italy and Father Charles Coughlin in the United States to stir public support and sentiment for the fascists. The Information and Education Branch of the United States Army began recruiting social scientist to study the influence of media persuasion. As researchers analyzed the effects of propaganda films such as The Battle of Britain or the pro-German magazine The Galilean, they confirmed what had been assumed for centuries. The media really were powerful; they had the strength not only to change people's attitudes but to alter their behavior. And because citizens were often helpless to resist the persuasion of propaganda, they were easily "bamboozled." Moreover, according to the researchers, these effects occurred in all people because, despite individual attributes and characteristics, individuals responded in the same way when they received similar messages. Audience were like mobs; there were no individual minds but only a group consciousness. Messages went directly from the media to the invidual, where they were immediately assimilated. "Messages were literally conceived of as being 'injected' into the mind where they were 'stored' in te form of change in feelings and attitudes. Eventually such feeling or attitudes produced the behavior desired by the message source." This is, essentially, what researcherd called the hypodermic effect, or the hypodermic needle model.