Surface chemistry plays a crucial role in constructing protein
biosensors by affecting the protein immobilization density, orientation, and activity in addition to the sensitivity and limits of
detection [1]. As protein biosensors are finding an increasing range
of applications in fields such as proteomics, drug discovery, and
disease diagnosis [1], the study of surface chemistry for protein
biosensors is becoming more and more attractive.
Recently developed methods for constructing protein biosensors can be categorized broadly into two types: (i) monolithic
three-dimensional (3D) surfaces with a large amount of immobilization sites, such as carboxymethylated dextran [2,3], polymer
brushes formed by surface initiated polymerization [4,5], and other