is the protein secreted but its exit from the ER is also insensi- tive to over expression of the Sec12 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the small GTPase Sar1p and thus probably COPII independent (see Section III.2). However, it has not been investigated whether this protein still passes through the Golgi, indicating the existence of at least two routes of export from the ER to the Golgi, or whether the truncated protein is secreted directly from the ER to the cell surface. Likewise, a chimeric protein, phaseolin-KDEL when highly expressed was shown to escape the ER and reach the vacuole in a seemingly Golgi-independent manner (Frigerio et al., 2001).