Adult paramphistomes have been reported in sheep, goats, cattle, and water buffalo. Light infections do not cause serious damage to the animal, but massive infections
of the small intestine with immature paramphistomes cause acute parasitic gastroenteritis with high morbidity and mortality rates, especially in young animals (Horak, 1971; Malek, 1980; Noble and Noble, 1982; Hanna et al., 1988).