Ferns have tissues for conducting water and food materials but do not develop seeds. The two most common species are ground-growing, semiaquatic species whilst the others are epiphytic (growing on trees) or climbers which are rarer in Singapore mangroves, e.g., Bird's nest fern (Asplenium nidus), Dragon's scales, (Pyrrosia piloselloides), Paku miding (Stenochiaena palustris).