Dorfman et al. (2004) brought awareness to the knowledge void in management
literature that had left business leadership with minimal guidance for adapting to cultural
constraints (p. 6). Dorfman et al. stated that "the need for such information clearly exists,
[but] little if any help is available at this time. Cross-cultural research and the
development of cross-cultural theory are needed to fill this knowledge gap" (2004, p. 6).