Then we adopt Holton, Bates, and Ruona’s (2001) and Naquin and Holton’s (2002) emphasis on individual differences by recognizing that the learner or team is both an input to the process (time point 1 in the figure) and a unit in the model that may be shaped by interventions. At time point 1, the learner or team is viewed as bringing to the learning transfer process four key elements: ability, motivation, individual differences, and prior experiences with the transfer system (Holton, Bates, & Ruona, 2001).