framed experience, values, contextual information,
and expert insight that provides a framework for
evaluating and incorporating new experience and
information. In addition, Alavi and Leidner [4]
posit knowledge as a justified personal belief that
increases an individual’s capacity to take effective
action. Knowledge originates and is applied in
mind. Kelley [5] adds knowledge happens only
when a human experiences and his insights are
applied to data and information. Table 1 depicts the
relationship between data, information, and
knowledge hierarchy with factors of interest in an
information security’s example.