1. Introduction
Certain practices affect the nutritional quality of cereal products,
including the refining and fractionation processes applied to the
raw material and the addition of sugar, salt and fat in product formulations.
During refining, the components of high-nutritional
value that are contained in the bran and germ fractions, such as
fibre, micronutrients and protective phytochemicals, are stripped
from the grains; whereas the addition of salt, sugar and fat causes
public health problems, such as the increased prevalence of obesity,
type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. A typical
example is childrens' breakfast cereals, which are usually made
from refined grains (with very few protective micronutrients) that
are extruded under stringent conditions (causing a high glycaemic
index) and are high in sugars and fats (risk factors for the development
of overweight and obesity) (Lioger et al., 2007).
In addition to addressing problems caused by the accumulation
of contaminants (includingmycotoxins and insecticidal residues) in
the outer layers of the grain, the proponents of non-refining or less
intensive refining must also address the question of the acceptability
of whole-grain and partly refined flours from digestive and
taste perspectives. The challenge for the cereal sector is to maintain
the organoleptic properties and safety of cereal products while
improving their nutritional quality.
With the objective to develop sustainable diet, several questions
must be addressed at the different levels of the cereal sector, as
follows: 1) at the level of agricultural production, can we select
genetic varieties that are the richest in protective micronutrients or
use cereal varieties that are very little cultivated currently but are
rich in the nutrients of interest while maintaining a satisfactory
yield? Can we use cultivation practices that are more protective of
the environment and at the same time ensure the nutritional value
1. Introduction
Certain practices affect the nutritional quality of cereal products,
including the refining and fractionation processes applied to the
raw material and the addition of sugar, salt and fat in product formulations.
During refining, the components of high-nutritional
value that are contained in the bran and germ fractions, such as
fibre, micronutrients and protective phytochemicals, are stripped
from the grains; whereas the addition of salt, sugar and fat causes
public health problems, such as the increased prevalence of obesity,
type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. A typical
example is childrens' breakfast cereals, which are usually made
from refined grains (with very few protective micronutrients) that
are extruded under stringent conditions (causing a high glycaemic
index) and are high in sugars and fats (risk factors for the development
of overweight and obesity) (Lioger et al., 2007).
In addition to addressing problems caused by the accumulation
of contaminants (includingmycotoxins and insecticidal residues) in
the outer layers of the grain, the proponents of non-refining or less
intensive refining must also address the question of the acceptability
of whole-grain and partly refined flours from digestive and
taste perspectives. The challenge for the cereal sector is to maintain
the organoleptic properties and safety of cereal products while
improving their nutritional quality.
With the objective to develop sustainable diet, several questions
must be addressed at the different levels of the cereal sector, as
follows: 1) at the level of agricultural production, can we select
genetic varieties that are the richest in protective micronutrients or
use cereal varieties that are very little cultivated currently but are
rich in the nutrients of interest while maintaining a satisfactory
yield? Can we use cultivation practices that are more protective of
the environment and at the same time ensure the nutritional value
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