4.1. Optimization of RSO transesterification process
Process optimization is a necessary tool to achieve a higher oil yield during extraction process and a good yield of biodiesel in transesterification. RSO for biodiesel synthesis can be extracted either mechanically (screw pressing) or by solvent extraction using n-hexane or other suitable solvents. Ebewele et al. [31] using locally fabricated mechanical screw press, optimized the extraction of Nigerian rubber seed oil to obtain a yield of 45.03 wt.% oil at process conditions of 10 wt.% moisture content, temperature of 70 °C and pressure of 8 MPa. The solvent extraction method can be optimized by employing the techniques of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). These methods study the response (oil yield) of the extraction process to the variable operating parameters such as solvent/seed ratio, temperature and extraction time that fit into an experimental model tested by using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. The target of optimization process for the esterification reaction is the ultimate reduction of acid value of RSO for a better yield of biodiesel. The four factors that affect the esterification of RSO to biodiesel are: alcohol/oil ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature and reaction time. Ahmad et al. [17] and [40] reported the optimization of the reduction of FFAs (response) present in RSO from 42 wt.% to 0.82 wt.% using the RSM technique and observed that catalyst loading followed by alcohol/oil ratio play significant role compared to reaction temperature and time. They also reported that alcohol/oil ratio followed by catalyst concentration play dominant role compared to reaction temperature and time in the optimized base transesterification process. Their findings are summarized in Table 5. Ibrahim and Pillai [53] employing RSM, optimized the reduction of FFA present in RSO from 38.456 wt.% to 1.66 wt.% and reported optimum yield of biodiesel with methanol/oil ratio of 0.35(v/v) and NaOH catalyst concentration of 0.63(w/v). Reshad et al. [54] uses RSM technology to optimize the extraction of RSO for biodiesel synthesis and obtained a maximum oil recovery of 49.36 wt.% at 0.08 g/ml (solute/solvent ratio), average kernel size of 1 mm and 8 h extraction time. Several researchers have documented the fuel properties of rubber seed oil biodiesel and biodiesel from other non-edible vegetable oils as shown in Table 6 and Table 7respectively. The low-temperature flow and oxidative properties of RSO biodiesel can be improved by blending with conventional petroleum-based diesel at optimum blending ratio of 80:20 (biodiesel: petrol-diesel) [54].
4.1. การเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพของกระบวนการเพิ่ม RSOProcess optimization is a necessary tool to achieve a higher oil yield during extraction process and a good yield of biodiesel in transesterification. RSO for biodiesel synthesis can be extracted either mechanically (screw pressing) or by solvent extraction using n-hexane or other suitable solvents. Ebewele et al. [31] using locally fabricated mechanical screw press, optimized the extraction of Nigerian rubber seed oil to obtain a yield of 45.03 wt.% oil at process conditions of 10 wt.% moisture content, temperature of 70 °C and pressure of 8 MPa. The solvent extraction method can be optimized by employing the techniques of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). These methods study the response (oil yield) of the extraction process to the variable operating parameters such as solvent/seed ratio, temperature and extraction time that fit into an experimental model tested by using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. The target of optimization process for the esterification reaction is the ultimate reduction of acid value of RSO for a better yield of biodiesel. The four factors that affect the esterification of RSO to biodiesel are: alcohol/oil ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature and reaction time. Ahmad et al. [17] and [40] reported the optimization of the reduction of FFAs (response) present in RSO from 42 wt.% to 0.82 wt.% using the RSM technique and observed that catalyst loading followed by alcohol/oil ratio play significant role compared to reaction temperature and time. They also reported that alcohol/oil ratio followed by catalyst concentration play dominant role compared to reaction temperature and time in the optimized base transesterification process. Their findings are summarized in Table 5. Ibrahim and Pillai [53] employing RSM, optimized the reduction of FFA present in RSO from 38.456 wt.% to 1.66 wt.% and reported optimum yield of biodiesel with methanol/oil ratio of 0.35(v/v) and NaOH catalyst concentration of 0.63(w/v). Reshad et al. [54] uses RSM technology to optimize the extraction of RSO for biodiesel synthesis and obtained a maximum oil recovery of 49.36 wt.% at 0.08 g/ml (solute/solvent ratio), average kernel size of 1 mm and 8 h extraction time. Several researchers have documented the fuel properties of rubber seed oil biodiesel and biodiesel from other non-edible vegetable oils as shown in Table 6 and Table 7respectively. The low-temperature flow and oxidative properties of RSO biodiesel can be improved by blending with conventional petroleum-based diesel at optimum blending ratio of 80:20 (biodiesel: petrol-diesel) [54].
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