Development: Ages & Stages--Spatial Awareness
Poole, Carla; Miller, Susan A.; Church, Ellen Booth
Early Childhood Today, v20 n6 p25-30 Apr 2006
Spatial concepts such as a sense of distance are learned through movement and exploration which is the most effective way for children to gain body awareness and an understanding of spatial relationships. It simultaneously develops muscle strength, coAbstract
Air pollution epidemiological studies suggest that elevated exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with higher prevalence of term low birth weight (TLBW). Previous studies have generally assumed the exposure-response of PM2.5 on TLBW to be the same throughout a large geographical area. Health effects related to PM2.5 exposures, however, may not be uniformly distributed spatially, creating a need for studies that explicitly investigate the spatial distribution of the exposure-response relationship between individual-level exposure to PM2.5 and TLBW. Here, we examine the overall and spatially varying exposure-response relationship between PM2.5 and TLBW throughout urban Los Angeles (LA) County, California. We estimated PM2.5 from a combination of land use regression (LUR), aerosol optical depth from remote sensing, and atmospheric modeling techniques. Exposures were assigned to LA County individual pregnancies identified from electronic birth certificates between the years 1995-2006 (N=1,359,284) provided by the California Department of Public Health. We used a single pollutant multivariate logistic regression model, with multilevel spatially structured and unstructured random effects set in a Bayesian framework to estimate global and spatially varying pollutant effects on TLBW at the census tract level. Overall, increased PM2.5 level was associated with higher prevalence of TLBW county-wide. The spatial random effects model, however, demonstrated that the exposure-response for PM2.5 and TLBW was not uniform across urban LA County. Rather, the magnitude and certainty of the exposure-response estimates for PM2.5 on log odds of TLBW were greatest in the urban core of Central and Southern LA County census tracts. These results suggest that the effects may be spatially patterned, and that simply estimating global pollutant effects obscures disparities suggested by spatial patterns of effects. Studies that incorporate spatial multilevel modeling with random coefficients allow us to identify areas where air pollutant effects on adverse birth outcomes may be most severe and policies to further reduce air pollution might be most effective.
Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS:
Air pollution; Multilevel modeling; PM(2.5); Spatial effects; Term low birth weight
การพัฒนา: อายุและขั้น - รู้ขั้นพูล Carla มิลเลอร์ ซูซานก. คริสตจักร เอลเลนบูธช่วงวัยเด็กวันนี้ v20 n6 p25-30 2006 เม.ย.แนวคิดเชิงพื้นที่เช่นห่างไกลได้เรียนรู้ผ่านการเคลื่อนไหวและการสำรวจซึ่งเป็นวิธีมีประสิทธิภาพที่สุดสำหรับเด็กเพื่อให้ร่างกายรับรู้และความเข้าใจของความสัมพันธ์เชิงพื้นที่ มันพร้อมพัฒนากล้ามเนื้อความแข็งแรง coAbstractAir pollution epidemiological studies suggest that elevated exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with higher prevalence of term low birth weight (TLBW). Previous studies have generally assumed the exposure-response of PM2.5 on TLBW to be the same throughout a large geographical area. Health effects related to PM2.5 exposures, however, may not be uniformly distributed spatially, creating a need for studies that explicitly investigate the spatial distribution of the exposure-response relationship between individual-level exposure to PM2.5 and TLBW. Here, we examine the overall and spatially varying exposure-response relationship between PM2.5 and TLBW throughout urban Los Angeles (LA) County, California. We estimated PM2.5 from a combination of land use regression (LUR), aerosol optical depth from remote sensing, and atmospheric modeling techniques. Exposures were assigned to LA County individual pregnancies identified from electronic birth certificates between the years 1995-2006 (N=1,359,284) provided by the California Department of Public Health. We used a single pollutant multivariate logistic regression model, with multilevel spatially structured and unstructured random effects set in a Bayesian framework to estimate global and spatially varying pollutant effects on TLBW at the census tract level. Overall, increased PM2.5 level was associated with higher prevalence of TLBW county-wide. The spatial random effects model, however, demonstrated that the exposure-response for PM2.5 and TLBW was not uniform across urban LA County. Rather, the magnitude and certainty of the exposure-response estimates for PM2.5 on log odds of TLBW were greatest in the urban core of Central and Southern LA County census tracts. These results suggest that the effects may be spatially patterned, and that simply estimating global pollutant effects obscures disparities suggested by spatial patterns of effects. Studies that incorporate spatial multilevel modeling with random coefficients allow us to identify areas where air pollutant effects on adverse birth outcomes may be most severe and policies to further reduce air pollution might be most effective.ลิขสิทธิ์ © 2015 ผู้เขียน เผยแพร่ โดย Elsevier อิงค์ สงวนลิขสิทธิ์คำสำคัญ:มลพิษ สร้างโมเดลหลายระดับ PM(2.5) ผลกระทบเชิงพื้นที่ น้ำหนักน้อยเมื่อคลอดระยะ
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