However, the HQTotal values foradult were higher than the acceptable range (HQTotal > 1), indicating that there is a potential of having non-carcinogenic health
risks. All LCR values of individual As exposure for adult and
children were higher than the acceptable LCR values
(LCR > 1 Â 10À4), showing a potential of carcinogenic health risk.
On the other hand, all LCR values of individual Pb exposure for
adult and children were below the acceptable values stated by
USEPA (2012) (LCR values < 1 Â 10À4). In contrast, the total
carcinogenic health risks (LCRTotal) values of As and Pb showed that
there is a potential of having carcinogenic health risk from a
combination of Pb and As exposure in adult and children (LCR
values >1 Â 10À4). Nevertheless, in the future, focus needs to be
given in terms of a complete questionnaire survey for accurate
health risk estimation, utilization of ICP-MS and determination of
physicochemical properties.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank to Graduate Research
Fellowship (GRF) of Universiti Putra Malaysia and the Research
University Grant Scheme (RUGS) (Vot No. 9335100).