The scales for measuring customer and supplier relationship were also adapted from the
study by Prajogo et al (2004) whose content were derived from empirical studies on TQM
(Samson and Terziovski, 1999; Dow et al., 1999; Forza and Flipini, 1998). For customer
relationship, the content was built on the concept of customer focus which captures a
comprehensive range of practices from pre-development of the product to post-delivery processes and includes key activities, such as searching customer needs, disseminating
those needs in the firm, measuring customer satisfaction and resolving customer
complaints effectively, and maintaining close relationship with customers.