Restoration increased most individual ES that we examined, although not to the same extent (Fig. 2a). Restoration increased the supply of supporting services, with increases ranging from 32% for biogeochemical cycling to 61% for biotic interactions. Increases in the supply of regulating services ranged from 31% for water quality to 176% for invasive species control. Restoration also increased both provisioning services examined in our meta-analysis: water supply (+108%) and the supply of food or raw materials of animal origin (+65%). For most individual ES that we examined, restored and natural wetlands tended to supply similar amounts (Fig. 2b). Exceptions, in decreasing order of difference between the two wetland types, were climate regulation, the supply of which was −30% lower in restored wetlands; provision of terrestrial habitat, −22%; regulation of fertility and soil erosion, −21%; and biogeochemical cycles, −14%.
Correlation between biodiversity and ES recovery
Biodiversity and ES response ratios positively correlated in comparisons of restored and degraded wetlands (Fig. 3a) and in comparisons of restored and natural wetlands (Fig. 3b).
Restoration increased most individual ES that we examined, although not to the same extent (Fig. 2a). Restoration increased the supply of supporting services, with increases ranging from 32% for biogeochemical cycling to 61% for biotic interactions. Increases in the supply of regulating services ranged from 31% for water quality to 176% for invasive species control. Restoration also increased both provisioning services examined in our meta-analysis: water supply (+108%) and the supply of food or raw materials of animal origin (+65%). For most individual ES that we examined, restored and natural wetlands tended to supply similar amounts (Fig. 2b). Exceptions, in decreasing order of difference between the two wetland types, were climate regulation, the supply of which was −30% lower in restored wetlands; provision of terrestrial habitat, −22%; regulation of fertility and soil erosion, −21%; and biogeochemical cycles, −14%.
Correlation between biodiversity and ES recovery
Biodiversity and ES response ratios positively correlated in comparisons of restored and degraded wetlands (Fig. 3a) and in comparisons of restored and natural wetlands (Fig. 3b).
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