The effects of accountability to constituents do not have to be all bad, however. Constituents can keep negotiators from making extreme or outrageous commitments that might get them in trouble later. For example, Kirby and Davis (1998) had constituents monitor the investment decisions of managers in a simulated production game. The results of the experiment indicated that monitored managers were less likely than unmonitored ones to escalate their commitment to unproductive courses of action and less likely to pursue risky investment strategies. Thus, accountability can deter individuals from pursuing risky decisions risky decisions that may have long-term destructive