Two further points concern what seem to be emerging trends in the con¬temporary economy. People today seem more likely to work many jobs over their lifetimes than they were in the past. Job mobility is more a fact of work-life today than it was for our parents and grandparents. Sometimes this is a matter of choice, but often it is the result of factors over which employees have no control. This suggests that at least some of work's values, income stabil¬ity and self-esteem among others, may be at greater risk today than in times past. A second trend is the growth in what is sometimes called contingent work. More jobs today are temporary, part-time, or subcontracted out to third par¬ties. In some cases this can be a value-added component to work, as when an individual is able to work part-time while also going to school or providing child care. But just as often this can mean that the values and benefits of work are more conditional and uncertain. Many of the social values of work,1 such as camaraderie and social status, can be lost or unavailable to part-time and temporary workers.