A large number of epidemiological studies
have shown that air pollution causes adverse human health effects
(Dockery et al., 1993; Katsouyanni, 2005). In Indonesia, interest in
air pollution in the Serpong area has increased especially following
the detection of elevated lead concentrations in early 2001. A prior
study conducted by the Environmental Management Center (EMC),
an institution under the Ministry of the Environment (MoE) in
2001–2004 using high volume sampling (HVS) showed that lead
concentrations in the residential area of Serpong ranged from 0.5–
6.0 μg/m3 with an average of 2.51 μg/m3