the katipunan manifesto 1 is a simple and forthright essay rallying the Filipinos in the struggle against Spain. It might be safely assumed that the manifesto traveled along the route of oral literature, bringing the call to arms to Filipinos wherever the katipunan could penetrate. The same could not be said of Emilio Jacinto's short essays that have come down to us under the title 0 These seem to have been intended for publication in the Katipunan newspaper Kalayaan of which Jacinto was the editor. The style and method of 4 and Kalayaan suggest that these were meant to be pondered over the way printed articles demand to be read.