Nonetheless, in 1983
Campbell and Pritchard only quoted the duration of time
spent working and the intensity of the work activity as important
aspects of work effort. Later, Campbell (1990) differentiated
again between what to expend effort on, the level
of effort to expend, and the persistence in the expenditure
of that level of effort. Furthermore, Kanfer (1990) and
Locke and Latham (1990) also used this differentiation between direction (the behavior a person chooses to perform
in an organization), intensity (how hard a person works to
perform the chosen behavior), and persistence (how hard a
person keeps trying to perform the chosen behavior successfully).
Consequently, in this paper we will present a
first attempt to conceive a measurement instrument that operationalizes
work effort considering these three components
as basic work effort dimensions.