In Managers, not MBAs, Mintzberg (2004) also argued that too much management education was conducted in the classroom and lacked sufficient attention to implementation and the practice of management. He also suggested that MBA curricula were too tightly focused on the functions of business rather than on the broader art and craft of management. These critiques echoed some of the earlier criticisms levelled by Pfeffer and Fong (2002), who pointed to a lack of alignment between the skills learned at business school and the impact of those skills on the real world of business.