Jacob (2005) also researched the African and Asian reliance on western curricula and
concluded that this reliance was ineffective. He believes that miscommunication across
these varying cultures creates tension in organizations (Jacob, 2005)..............
Walumbwa, Lawler and Avolio (2005) also argued that western models of
leadership recruitment and training do not apply to developing countries in East Asia and
Africa. The significantly different views of authority, loyalty, and interpersonal relations
make it impossible to apply western models to real-world situations. Krishnan (2005)
also agreed that western models of leadership do not apply to East Asian and African
developing countries. Studies from both Baruch (2004) and Sims and Schraeder (2004)
identified culture as a factor impacting the ability of organizations to hire candidates that
can successfully lead across cultures and to transfer leadership knowledge. Studies from
Baruch (2004) and Sims and Schraeder (2004) estimated that failed talent management
for the international leader costs American firms over $2 billion annually. Hofstede
(2004) also concluded that leading across differing cultures contributes to organizational
failure. His findings demonstrated failure due to differences in cultural understanding and
perception..........
Pedersen and Connerley (2005) concluded that a majority of literature in
organizational failure tied to ineffective talent management for international leadership
focused on data from the United States. Avolio, Walumbwa and Weber (2009)
demonstrated that culture is a major challenge in the transfer of best practices and the
application of western theories abroad. Kanungo (2006) highlighted the differences in
leadership styles in different cultures. In addition, there were also specific behaviors
which reflect these styles vary from culture to culture. Javidan (2005) demonstrated an