1. The development of shade-grown agro-ecosystems has increasingly been identified as a
strategy for conserving tropical biodiversity. While biodiversity tends to be higher in agroecosystems
than in monocultures, the extent to which shade-grown crops support viable
populations of sensitive and specialized tropical species has not been assessed.
2. We conducted a comparative demographic study between Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth
Choloepus hoffmanni and the brown-throated three-toed sloth Bradypus variegatus in a shadegrown
cacao farm in Costa Rica.
3. Choloepus hoffmanni bred year-round, whereas B. variegatus bred seasonally, with females
giving birth to young over a 6-month period peaking in late February. Relatively short time
to offspring independence allowed B. variegatus females to breed annually, but longer periods
of maternal care prevented C. hoffmanni from doing so.
4. Annual survival rates for adult males of both species derived from radiomarking and
known fates models were high (>090). Most adult mortality was the result of predation by
domestic dogs Canis lupus familiaris and coyotes Canis latrans.
5. Estimates of population growth rates derived from a matrix population model indicated
that the abundance of C. hoffmanni, but not B. variegatus, was stable in the absence of immigration.
However, genetic parentage methods indicated that significant immigration of
B. variegatus into the study area occurred and that the local population may be stable.
6. Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that shade-grown crops embedded within
an agro-ecosystem can support viable populations of some specialized tropical animals; other
species, however, may require immigration from surrounding forests to maintain stable populations.
More broadly, the value of human-modified landscapes for biodiversity may be
overestimated when some species are dependent on immigration from intact habitats.