LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE
Unlike shared leadership, which has focused on groups, leader-member exchange (LMX) theory has focused on the relationship between the leader and follower (Cogliser & Schriesheim 2000). The central principle in LMX theory is that leaders develop different exchange relationships with their followers, whereby the quality of the relationship alters the impact on important leader and member outcomes (Gerstner & Day 1997). Thus, leadership occurs when leaders and followers are able to develop effective relationships that result in mutual and incremental influence (Uhl-Bien 2006). This literature has evolved from focusing exclusively on the consequences of the LMX relationship to focusing on both antecedents and consequences. For example, Tekleab & Taylor (2003) assessed leader and follower levels of agreement on their mutual obligations and their psychological contract with each other. In a recent meta-analysis reported by Ilies et al. (2007), the authors reported that a higher-quality LMX relationship not only predicted higher levels of performance, but also organizational citizenship behaviors. Some additional areas of focus in terms of high- versus low-quality LMX relationships have been the context in which those relationships have developed. Kacmar et al. (2007) examined the conditions under which leaders and followers in low-quality exchanges exerted more effort in examining how the situation interacted with the impact of supervisors. Using control theory, the authors tried to explain how perceptions of supervisor competence, centralization, and organizational politics influenced their willingness to exert effort on the job beyond what would be typically expected in a less-than-effective exchange relationship. Additional research on the nature of the relationship and how it is formed has focused on the use of impression management tactics and its impact on the quality of the LMX relationship. Colella & Varma (2001) investigated how a follower’s perceived disability and use of in
gratiation related to LMX quality. By using ingratiation tactics, the individuals with disabilities were able to increase the quality of the relationship between the leader and follower. Similar results were reported by Sparrowe et al. (2006), who showed that downward-influence tactics used by the leader affected the quality of the LMX relationship.
LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGEUnlike shared leadership, which has focused on groups, leader-member exchange (LMX) theory has focused on the relationship between the leader and follower (Cogliser & Schriesheim 2000). The central principle in LMX theory is that leaders develop different exchange relationships with their followers, whereby the quality of the relationship alters the impact on important leader and member outcomes (Gerstner & Day 1997). Thus, leadership occurs when leaders and followers are able to develop effective relationships that result in mutual and incremental influence (Uhl-Bien 2006). This literature has evolved from focusing exclusively on the consequences of the LMX relationship to focusing on both antecedents and consequences. For example, Tekleab & Taylor (2003) assessed leader and follower levels of agreement on their mutual obligations and their psychological contract with each other. In a recent meta-analysis reported by Ilies et al. (2007), the authors reported that a higher-quality LMX relationship not only predicted higher levels of performance, but also organizational citizenship behaviors. Some additional areas of focus in terms of high- versus low-quality LMX relationships have been the context in which those relationships have developed. Kacmar et al. (2007) examined the conditions under which leaders and followers in low-quality exchanges exerted more effort in examining how the situation interacted with the impact of supervisors. Using control theory, the authors tried to explain how perceptions of supervisor competence, centralization, and organizational politics influenced their willingness to exert effort on the job beyond what would be typically expected in a less-than-effective exchange relationship. Additional research on the nature of the relationship and how it is formed has focused on the use of impression management tactics and its impact on the quality of the LMX relationship. Colella & Varma (2001) investigated how a follower’s perceived disability and use of ingratiation related to LMX quality. By using ingratiation tactics, the individuals with disabilities were able to increase the quality of the relationship between the leader and follower. Similar results were reported by Sparrowe et al. (2006), who showed that downward-influence tactics used by the leader affected the quality of the LMX relationship.
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