[Control group], group C: rats received as vehicle 0.9% NaCl (w/v) and served as negative controls.
•
[Alloxan treated group], group D: rats received a subcutaneous dose of alloxan (120 mg/kg of body weight) and included in study as diabetic rats.
•
[Alloxan and astaxanthin treated group], group D-As: diabetic rats received astaxanthin (20 mg kg/body weight) dissolved in olive oil with daily gavage. The rats received single-dose per day in the morning.
•
[Olive oil treated group] group D-OO: diabetic rats received olive oil.