The authors said that their concept of
presenteeism is that of active employee engagement in work. It is inclusive, with a focus
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on cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement during work. They further identified
two dimensions of presenteeism: work process (avoiding distractions), and work outcome
(completing work). Subsequently, Pelletier and Koopman (2003) referred to the positive
orientation as a “flexible definition.” They equated high performance with increased
presenteeism and low productivity or poor-quality work with diminished presenteeism.