The large amount of investment in higher levels of education has led to a situation of an excessively-educated labor force so that the supply of highly-educated labor has grown much more rapidly than its demand. This has led to an increase in the unemployment rate of highly educated workers and a decrease in the wage differential between these workers and those with low levels of education. Furthermore, this has led to the substitution of highly educated labor for unskilled labor in those jobs which have traditionally served as a pathway to enter the labor force and as a stepping stone to rise in the labor market. In fact, Jose Garcia-Montalvo notes that around 30% of the Spanish labor force has an education level superior to that required for the their job. As a consequence, the unemployment of unskilled labor has increased even more drastically than that of skilled labor. However, the decrease in the benefits received from having a higher degree of education has not resulted in a decrease in investment in this kind of education. Therefore, the result has been a substitution of high skilled for unskilled labor with a consequent increase in unemployment of both of these kinds of labor.