The primary effects associated with exposure to chromium compounds are respiratory, gastrointestinal, immunological, hematological, reproductive, and developmental. In addition, dermal and ocular irritation may occur from direct contact. Occupational exposure to chromium compounds in various industries has also been associated with increased risk of respiratory system cancers, primarily bronchogenic and nasal [46]. Normal urinary levels of chromium in humans have been reported to range from 0.22 mg/L to 1.8 mg/L [47,48],