Like brand image, corporate image is the result of a communication process in which the firm creates and
transmits an identity that reflects the values and essence of the brand ([63] Leuthesser and Kolhi, 1997; [79]
van Riel and Balmer, 1997). Although firms cannot act directly on their corporate image, they are able to change
their associations by means of an adequate management of their corporate identity. This means developing a
complete corporate philosophy and culture rather than simply creating a distinctive visual identity ([81] Wilkinson
and Balmer, 1996).