These are: employee capabilities, employee lifestyle and well-being, tracking of employee tools, motivation of
employees and goal alignment of employees. It should be noted that no empirical examination of the validity of these
five sub-dimensions has been noted in the literature.Nevertheless, Niven’s framework represents a useful
structure that has been drawn on in this study. Kaplan and Norton (1996a) advocate the development of measures
addressing each of these elements to provide an overall picture of how the organisation is performing in relation to
the ‘‘learning and growth’’ dimension. Each of these subelements will now be considered further.