Because of its flatter structure, the large, information- based organizations will more closely resemble the businesses of a century ago than today’s big companies. Back then, however, all the knowledge, such as it was, lay with the very top people. The rest were helpers or hands, who mostly did the same work and did as they were told. In the information – based organizations, the knowledge will be primarily at the bottom, in the minds of the specialists who do different work and direct themselves. So today’s typical organizations in which knowledge tends to be concentrated cornice staffs, perched rather insecurely between top management and operating people, will likely be labeled a phase, an attempt to infuse knowledge from the top rather than obtain information from below.