Invasive species Some alien invasiv

Invasive species
Some alien invasive species of flora threaten to alter the landscape they invade. Rhododendron Rhododendron ponticum forms dense thickets, out-competing native plants in woodlands. Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica, introduced as an ornamental plant, has infested a wide range of habitats, including river banks. When it dies back in winter the banks are left bare and vulnerable to erosion. Curly leaved waterweed Lagrisiphon major is commonly sold as an oxygenating plant. It has had a serious impact on Lough Corrib, carpeting extensive areas, excluding light and restricting angling, boating and other water based activities. These are just some examples.
Species which are native can also be invasive, encroaching on land where it is not being grazed. Examples are blackthorn and even hazel in the Burren where scrub expansion is increasing by almost 5% annually. Land abandonment is of increasing concern because of the decline in traditional agricultural practices which preserved unique landscapes and habitats of high ecological value. Poor market prices, alternative off-farm employment opportunities and certain agricultural policies favour land abandonment in remote, inaccessible areas often with difficult, unproductive soils.
Policy impact on landscape: sustainable farming
In 2001, the European Council added the environment to its economic and social reform pillars to create the ‘Gothenburg Agenda’, ensuring that environmental protection is systematically integrated into all EU policies. Farms must be sustainable from an economic and environment point of view. To create the reality of a living countryside, people must be able to attain a qualitatively good standard of living. Increasingly, Irish farmers have become more dependent on direct payments for their income. Payments now account for 31% of farm output and 103% of average farm income. CAP and World Trade Organisation reforms in future seem certain to lower the level of taxpayer and consumer support for agriculture in general; in the long-run, direct farm income support is likely to be replaced by support for the development of the rural economy.
Multi-functionality
In addition to food production, farmers, as custodians of the countryside, deliver a wide range of important and socially valuable agri-environmental products and services which include the management of our landscape. Related services include the protection of water, air, biodiversity, archaeological heritage, and the provision of recreational access to the countryside. Less obvious agri-environmental ‘products’ and services include a clean rural environment, prevention of land abandonment, maintenance of genetic diversity of farm animals and plants, control of weeds and pests, and mitigation of climate change. Agri-food systems also provide security of food supply, animal welfare, and maintenance of natural amenities, overseeing of rural development, contribution of land use and spatial policy, and support of tourism. This is multi-functional agriculture. It provides an argument for the continued support of farmers.
In the Cork Declaration, the European Commission (1996) expressed confidence that there is acceptance of the need for public funding for management of natural resources, biodiversity and cultural landscapes, and that farmers have a duty as stewards of many of the natural resources of the countryside. The European Model of Agriculture embodied the concept of multi-functionality in 1997. Traditional payments under the first pillar of the CAP, based on agricultural production, account for almost 90% of agricultural support funds and are unlikely to ensure the multiple outputs of agriculture now desired by taxpayers and consumers. Under the second pillar resources are being targeted towards measures addressing the multifunctional agenda of farming. A 2007 Communication on the CAP Health Check stated the aim of the European Commission for increased modulation or transfer of funds from pillar one to pillar two.
Teagasc research
In a Teagasc survey (Hynes and O’Donoghue, 2009) the general public’s perception of farmers as custodians of the countryside was seen to be generally positive. While respondents were strongly against: ‘farmers maximising their income irrespective of the environmental consequences’, they agreed that ‘farmers should be compensated when environmentally friendly farming costs more’. In terms of the general public’s preferences for future farm landscapes, there appears to be little difference between those living in urban versus rural settings and those on higher versus lower income brackets. The conserved farm landscape is the most preferred indicating the Irish public value the range of agri-environmental products and services that farming delivers. Despite the publicity in terms of the benefits of biofuels and renewable energy, the landscape associated with this (rapeseed and wind turbines) was least preferred.
Using the generalized Tobit Interval model the average ‘Willingness to Pay’ for protecting the traditional rural landscape was estimated at €44 per person (Howley et al., 2009). Income and education had a significant and positive effect. Respondents with siblings involved in farming; with children; and those living in the countryside were also more willing to pay. Features associated with wider biological and cultural diversity of the countryside such as woodland, bogland, wild flora and fauna, water quality and features associated with cultural heritage played a more significant role in influencing ‘Willingness to Pay’ than more traditional and scenic features of farming activities such as open grass covered fields , grazing farm animals and well maintained farm buildings. The results would indicate a strong justification for increasing the support for second pillar objectives under the CAP such as the protection of the rural landscape
Policy mechanisms
Sustainable land use is the intention of a variety of policy mechanisms such as Cross Compliance, Disadvantaged Area Payments, Natura 2000, and forestry and agri-environmental schemes. Lessons can and have been learned from past policies resulting in undesirable landscape effects. Headage payments, for example, encouraged overstocking of sheep on upland peatlands, which resulted in overgrazing, loss of vegetation, and soil erosion. Due to a combination of Commonage Framework Planning, and decoupling of EU agricultural support subsidies from production in 2005, overstocking of the uplands has now effectively been resolved. Teagasc research in Leenane in Mayo has developed hill sheep production systems to assist the continued viability of producers while reducing environmental impacts.
Another undesirable landscape effect is scrub encroachment which can impact negatively on natural and cultural heritage. This is a problem in the Burren, one of the most important and best-known landscapes in Ireland and Europe. The obligation to maintain land eligible for pillar one payment under the Single Payment Scheme, in Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition (GAEC) should alleviate the problem of scrub encroachment in future.
The story of hedgerows illustrates the determining influence of policy decisions. Hedgerows are a visual record of the historical processes of land use (McCormack and O’Leary, 2004). Most were planted under obligation of Acts of Parliament in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Until the 1970s, many hedgerows remained. Ireland’s entry into the EU in 1973 brought about change with the EU agriculture support system helping farmers to modernise and increase productivity. The rate of hedgerow removal between 1908 and 1998 in a study area in Cavan was 31 % (Keena, 1998). Grant aid for land improvement encouraged hedgerow removal until December 1994. A major impact of the Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS) when introduced in July 1994 was the protection of hedgerows. Hedgerows and drains on all farms receiving direct payments may soon become protected as landscape features under GAEC. Since 2004, under REPS 3 and REPS 4, farmers have undertaken to plant or rejuvenate an incredible hedgerow length of over 10,000 km, the largest planting in over 200 years.
Agri-environment schemes
Biodiversity strategies using trees, hedgerows, riparian zones and field margins have positive effects on the landscape. There were very positive conclusions from the study: Landscape Impact of REPS – a Quantitative Assessment (O’Leary et al. 2005). Through REPS, this generation of farmers will contribute a lasting positive impression on the landscape, becoming more evident over time as trees, hedgerows and other habitats develop Over one million individual native broadleaved trees will be planted. Currently there are 62,000 farmers in REPS, all of whom are involved in the creation of new wildlife habitats on farms in every townland in Ireland.
Over 3,000 km of the stone wall network in the west is being maintained, preserving this unique landscape. One million euro is available each year for the conservation and repair of traditional farm buildings under REPS 4 Supplementary Measure 12. In partnership with the Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, The Heritage Council administers this grant for weatherproofing the exterior of farm outbuildings. Our rich heritage of archaeological sites and traditional farm buildings are valued under REPS. Research has shown REPS to have been directly instrumental in protecting both known and previously unrecorded archaeological features (Sullivan, 2006) and through its training courses has increased awareness of archaeological features amongst planners and farmers alike (O’Sullivan and Kennedy, 1998). Future agri-environmental payments to farmers will be designed and financially justified for both direct and indirect costs incurred in the supply of public goods (Finn et al. in press).
The role of Teagasc in lands

Invasive species
 Some alien invasive species of flora threaten to alter the landscape they invade. Rhododendron Rhododendron ponticum forms dense thickets, out-competing native plants in woodlands. Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica, introduced as an ornamental plant, has infested a wide range of habitats, including river banks. When it dies back in winter the banks are left bare and vulnerable to erosion. Curly leaved waterweed Lagrisiphon major is commonly sold as an oxygenating plant. It has had a serious impact on Lough Corrib, carpeting extensive areas, excluding light and restricting angling, boating and other water based activities. These are just some examples. 
Species which are native can also be invasive, encroaching on land where it is not being grazed. Examples are blackthorn and even hazel in the Burren where scrub expansion is increasing by almost 5% annually. Land abandonment is of increasing concern because of the decline in traditional agricultural practices which preserved unique landscapes and habitats of high ecological value. Poor market prices, alternative off-farm employment opportunities and certain agricultural policies favour land abandonment in remote, inaccessible areas often with difficult, unproductive soils. 
Policy impact on landscape: sustainable farming 
In 2001, the European Council added the environment to its economic and social reform pillars to create the ‘Gothenburg Agenda’, ensuring that environmental protection is systematically integrated into all EU policies. Farms must be sustainable from an economic and environment point of view. To create the reality of a living countryside, people must be able to attain a qualitatively good standard of living. Increasingly, Irish farmers have become more dependent on direct payments for their income. Payments now account for 31% of farm output and 103% of average farm income. CAP and World Trade Organisation reforms in future seem certain to lower the level of taxpayer and consumer support for agriculture in general; in the long-run, direct farm income support is likely to be replaced by support for the development of the rural economy.
 Multi-functionality 
In addition to food production, farmers, as custodians of the countryside, deliver a wide range of important and socially valuable agri-environmental products and services which include the management of our landscape. Related services include the protection of water, air, biodiversity, archaeological heritage, and the provision of recreational access to the countryside. Less obvious agri-environmental ‘products’ and services include a clean rural environment, prevention of land abandonment, maintenance of genetic diversity of farm animals and plants, control of weeds and pests, and mitigation of climate change. Agri-food systems also provide security of food supply, animal welfare, and maintenance of natural amenities, overseeing of rural development, contribution of land use and spatial policy, and support of tourism. This is multi-functional agriculture. It provides an argument for the continued support of farmers. 
In the Cork Declaration, the European Commission (1996) expressed confidence that there is acceptance of the need for public funding for management of natural resources, biodiversity and cultural landscapes, and that farmers have a duty as stewards of many of the natural resources of the countryside. The European Model of Agriculture embodied the concept of multi-functionality in 1997. Traditional payments under the first pillar of the CAP, based on agricultural production, account for almost 90% of agricultural support funds and are unlikely to ensure the multiple outputs of agriculture now desired by taxpayers and consumers. Under the second pillar resources are being targeted towards measures addressing the multifunctional agenda of farming. A 2007 Communication on the CAP Health Check stated the aim of the European Commission for increased modulation or transfer of funds from pillar one to pillar two.
 Teagasc research
 In a Teagasc survey (Hynes and O’Donoghue, 2009) the general public’s perception of farmers as custodians of the countryside was seen to be generally positive. While respondents were strongly against: ‘farmers maximising their income irrespective of the environmental consequences’, they agreed that ‘farmers should be compensated when environmentally friendly farming costs more’. In terms of the general public’s preferences for future farm landscapes, there appears to be little difference between those living in urban versus rural settings and those on higher versus lower income brackets. The conserved farm landscape is the most preferred indicating the Irish public value the range of agri-environmental products and services that farming delivers. Despite the publicity in terms of the benefits of biofuels and renewable energy, the landscape associated with this (rapeseed and wind turbines) was least preferred. 
Using the generalized Tobit Interval model the average ‘Willingness to Pay’ for protecting the traditional rural landscape was estimated at €44 per person (Howley et al., 2009). Income and education had a significant and positive effect. Respondents with siblings involved in farming; with children; and those living in the countryside were also more willing to pay. Features associated with wider biological and cultural diversity of the countryside such as woodland, bogland, wild flora and fauna, water quality and features associated with cultural heritage played a more significant role in influencing ‘Willingness to Pay’ than more traditional and scenic features of farming activities such as open grass covered fields , grazing farm animals and well maintained farm buildings. The results would indicate a strong justification for increasing the support for second pillar objectives under the CAP such as the protection of the rural landscape
 Policy mechanisms 
Sustainable land use is the intention of a variety of policy mechanisms such as Cross Compliance, Disadvantaged Area Payments, Natura 2000, and forestry and agri-environmental schemes. Lessons can and have been learned from past policies resulting in undesirable landscape effects. Headage payments, for example, encouraged overstocking of sheep on upland peatlands, which resulted in overgrazing, loss of vegetation, and soil erosion. Due to a combination of Commonage Framework Planning, and decoupling of EU agricultural support subsidies from production in 2005, overstocking of the uplands has now effectively been resolved. Teagasc research in Leenane in Mayo has developed hill sheep production systems to assist the continued viability of producers while reducing environmental impacts.
 Another undesirable landscape effect is scrub encroachment which can impact negatively on natural and cultural heritage. This is a problem in the Burren, one of the most important and best-known landscapes in Ireland and Europe. The obligation to maintain land eligible for pillar one payment under the Single Payment Scheme, in Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition (GAEC) should alleviate the problem of scrub encroachment in future.
 The story of hedgerows illustrates the determining influence of policy decisions. Hedgerows are a visual record of the historical processes of land use (McCormack and O’Leary, 2004). Most were planted under obligation of Acts of Parliament in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Until the 1970s, many hedgerows remained. Ireland’s entry into the EU in 1973 brought about change with the EU agriculture support system helping farmers to modernise and increase productivity. The rate of hedgerow removal between 1908 and 1998 in a study area in Cavan was 31 % (Keena, 1998). Grant aid for land improvement encouraged hedgerow removal until December 1994. A major impact of the Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS) when introduced in July 1994 was the protection of hedgerows. Hedgerows and drains on all farms receiving direct payments may soon become protected as landscape features under GAEC. Since 2004, under REPS 3 and REPS 4, farmers have undertaken to plant or rejuvenate an incredible hedgerow length of over 10,000 km, the largest planting in over 200 years. 
Agri-environment schemes 
Biodiversity strategies using trees, hedgerows, riparian zones and field margins have positive effects on the landscape. There were very positive conclusions from the study: Landscape Impact of REPS – a Quantitative Assessment (O’Leary et al. 2005). Through REPS, this generation of farmers will contribute a lasting positive impression on the landscape, becoming more evident over time as trees, hedgerows and other habitats develop Over one million individual native broadleaved trees will be planted. Currently there are 62,000 farmers in REPS, all of whom are involved in the creation of new wildlife habitats on farms in every townland in Ireland.
 Over 3,000 km of the stone wall network in the west is being maintained, preserving this unique landscape. One million euro is available each year for the conservation and repair of traditional farm buildings under REPS 4 Supplementary Measure 12. In partnership with the Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, The Heritage Council administers this grant for weatherproofing the exterior of farm outbuildings. Our rich heritage of archaeological sites and traditional farm buildings are valued under REPS. Research has shown REPS to have been directly instrumental in protecting both known and previously unrecorded archaeological features (Sullivan, 2006) and through its training courses has increased awareness of archaeological features amongst planners and farmers alike (O’Sullivan and Kennedy, 1998). Future agri-environmental payments to farmers will be designed and financially justified for both direct and indirect costs incurred in the supply of public goods (Finn et al. in press). 
The role of Teagasc in lands

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Invasive species Some alien invasive species of flora threaten to alter the landscape they invade. Rhododendron Rhododendron ponticum forms dense thickets, out-competing native plants in woodlands. Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica, introduced as an ornamental plant, has infested a wide range of habitats, including river banks. When it dies back in winter the banks are left bare and vulnerable to erosion. Curly leaved waterweed Lagrisiphon major is commonly sold as an oxygenating plant. It has had a serious impact on Lough Corrib, carpeting extensive areas, excluding light and restricting angling, boating and other water based activities. These are just some examples. Species which are native can also be invasive, encroaching on land where it is not being grazed. Examples are blackthorn and even hazel in the Burren where scrub expansion is increasing by almost 5% annually. Land abandonment is of increasing concern because of the decline in traditional agricultural practices which preserved unique landscapes and habitats of high ecological value. Poor market prices, alternative off-farm employment opportunities and certain agricultural policies favour land abandonment in remote, inaccessible areas often with difficult, unproductive soils. Policy impact on landscape: sustainable farming In 2001, the European Council added the environment to its economic and social reform pillars to create the 'Gothenburg Agenda', ensuring that environmental protection is systematically integrated into all EU policies. Farms must be sustainable from an economic and environment point of view. To create the reality of a living countryside, people must be able to attain a qualitatively good standard of living. Increasingly, Irish farmers have become more dependent on direct payments for their income. Payments now account for 31% of farm output and 103% of average farm income. CAP and World Trade Organisation reforms in future seem certain to lower the level of taxpayer and consumer support for agriculture in general; in the long-run, direct farm income support is likely to be replaced by support for the development of the rural economy. Multi-functionality In addition to food production, farmers, as custodians of the countryside, deliver a wide range of important and socially valuable agri-environmental products and services which include the management of our landscape. Related services include the protection of water, air, biodiversity, archaeological heritage, and the provision of recreational access to the countryside. Less obvious agri-environmental 'products' and services include a clean rural environment, prevention of land abandonment, maintenance of genetic diversity of farm animals and plants, control of weeds and pests, and mitigation of climate change. Agri-food systems also provide security of food supply, animal welfare, and maintenance of natural amenities, overseeing of rural development, contribution of land use and spatial policy, and support of tourism. This is multi-functional agriculture. It provides an argument for the continued support of farmers. In the Cork Declaration, the European Commission (1996) expressed confidence that there is acceptance of the need for public funding for management of natural resources, biodiversity and cultural landscapes, and that farmers have a duty as stewards of many of the natural resources of the countryside. The European Model of Agriculture embodied the concept of multi-functionality in 1997. Traditional payments under the first pillar of the CAP, based on agricultural production, account for almost 90% of agricultural support funds and are unlikely to ensure the multiple outputs of agriculture now desired by taxpayers and consumers. Under the second pillar resources are being targeted towards measures addressing the multifunctional agenda of farming. A 2007 Communication on the CAP Health Check stated the aim of the European Commission for increased modulation or transfer of funds from pillar one to pillar two. Teagasc research In a Teagasc survey (Hynes and O'Donoghue, 2009) the general public's perception of farmers as custodians of the countryside was seen to be generally positive. While respondents were strongly against: 'farmers maximising their income irrespective of the environmental consequences', they agreed that 'farmers should be compensated when environmentally friendly farming costs more'. In terms of the general public's preferences for future farm landscapes, there appears to be little difference between those living in urban versus rural settings and those on higher versus lower income brackets. The conserved farm landscape is the most preferred indicating the Irish public value the range of agri-environmental products and services that farming delivers. Despite the publicity in terms of the benefits of biofuels and renewable energy, the landscape associated with this (rapeseed and wind turbines) was least preferred. Using the generalized Tobit Interval model the average 'Willingness to Pay' for protecting the traditional rural landscape was estimated at €44 per person (Howley et al., 2009). Income and education had a significant and positive effect. Respondents with siblings involved in farming; with children; and those living in the countryside were also more willing to pay. Features associated with wider biological and cultural diversity of the countryside such as woodland, bogland, wild flora and fauna, water quality and features associated with cultural heritage played a more significant role in influencing 'Willingness to Pay' than more traditional and scenic features of farming activities such as open grass covered fields , grazing farm animals and well maintained farm buildings. The results would indicate a strong justification for increasing the support for second pillar objectives under the CAP such as the protection of the rural landscape Policy mechanisms Sustainable land use is the intention of a variety of policy mechanisms such as Cross Compliance, Disadvantaged Area Payments, Natura 2000, and forestry and agri-environmental schemes. Lessons can and have been learned from past policies resulting in undesirable landscape effects. Headage payments, for example, encouraged overstocking of sheep on upland peatlands, which resulted in overgrazing, loss of vegetation, and soil erosion. Due to a combination of Commonage Framework Planning, and decoupling of EU agricultural support subsidies from production in 2005, overstocking of the uplands has now effectively been resolved. Teagasc research in Leenane in Mayo has developed hill sheep production systems to assist the continued viability of producers while reducing environmental impacts. Another undesirable landscape effect is scrub encroachment which can impact negatively on natural and cultural heritage. This is a problem in the Burren, one of the most important and best-known landscapes in Ireland and Europe. The obligation to maintain land eligible for pillar one payment under the Single Payment Scheme, in Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition (GAEC) should alleviate the problem of scrub encroachment in future. The story of hedgerows illustrates the determining influence of policy decisions. Hedgerows are a visual record of the historical processes of land use (McCormack and O’Leary, 2004). Most were planted under obligation of Acts of Parliament in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Until the 1970s, many hedgerows remained. Ireland’s entry into the EU in 1973 brought about change with the EU agriculture support system helping farmers to modernise and increase productivity. The rate of hedgerow removal between 1908 and 1998 in a study area in Cavan was 31 % (Keena, 1998). Grant aid for land improvement encouraged hedgerow removal until December 1994. A major impact of the Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS) when introduced in July 1994 was the protection of hedgerows. Hedgerows and drains on all farms receiving direct payments may soon become protected as landscape features under GAEC. Since 2004, under REPS 3 and REPS 4, farmers have undertaken to plant or rejuvenate an incredible hedgerow length of over 10,000 km, the largest planting in over 200 years. Agri-environment schemes Biodiversity strategies using trees, hedgerows, riparian zones and field margins have positive effects on the landscape. There were very positive conclusions from the study: Landscape Impact of REPS – a Quantitative Assessment (O’Leary et al. 2005). Through REPS, this generation of farmers will contribute a lasting positive impression on the landscape, becoming more evident over time as trees, hedgerows and other habitats develop Over one million individual native broadleaved trees will be planted. Currently there are 62,000 farmers in REPS, all of whom are involved in the creation of new wildlife habitats on farms in every townland in Ireland. Over 3,000 km of the stone wall network in the west is being maintained, preserving this unique landscape. One million euro is available each year for the conservation and repair of traditional farm buildings under REPS 4 Supplementary Measure 12. In partnership with the Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, The Heritage Council administers this grant for weatherproofing the exterior of farm outbuildings. Our rich heritage of archaeological sites and traditional farm buildings are valued under REPS. Research has shown REPS to have been directly instrumental in protecting both known and previously unrecorded archaeological features (Sullivan, 2006) and through its training courses has increased awareness of archaeological features amongst planners and farmers alike (O’Sullivan and Kennedy, 1998). Future agri-environmental payments to farmers will be designed and financially justified for both direct and indirect costs incurred in the supply of public goods (Finn et al. in press). The role of Teagasc in lands

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บางสายพันธุ์แพร่กระจายเอเลี่ยนพันธุ์ของพืชคุกคามที่จะเปลี่ยนภูมิทัศน์พวกเขาบุก บบ ponticum รูปแบบหนาแน่นสุมทุมพุ่มไม้ ออกไปแข่งขันพืชพื้นเมืองในป่า . knotweed ญี่ปุ่น fallopia จาปาเป็นพืชไม้ประดับ มีกลิ่นเหม็นที่หลากหลายของแหล่งที่อยู่อาศัยรวมทั้งธนาคารของแม่น้ำ

Invasive species Some alien invasive species of flora threaten to alter the landscape they invade. Rhododendron Rhododendron. Ponticum forms, dense thickets out-competing native plants in woodlands. Japanese knotweed, Fallopia japonica introduced. As an, ornamental plant has infested a wide range of habitats including river, banks.When it dies back in winter the banks are left bare and vulnerable to erosion. Curly leaved waterweed Lagrisiphon major. Is commonly sold as an oxygenating plant. It has had a serious impact on Lough Corrib carpeting extensive areas excluding,,, Light and restricting angling boating and, other water based activities. These are just some examples.
Species which are. Native can also, be invasiveEncroaching on land where it is not being grazed. Examples are blackthorn and even hazel in the Burren where scrub expansion. Is increasing by almost 5% annually. Land abandonment is of increasing concern because of the decline in traditional agricultural. Practices which preserved unique landscapes and habitats of high ecological value Poor, market prices.Ensuring that environmental protection is systematically integrated into all EU policies. Farms must be sustainable from. An economic and environment point of view. To create the reality of a living countryside people must, be able to attain. A qualitatively good standard of living. Increasingly Irish farmers, have become more dependent on direct payments for their. Income.Payments now account for 31% of farm output and 103% of average farm income. CAP and World Trade Organisation reforms in. Future seem certain to lower the level of taxpayer and consumer support for agriculture in general; in, the long-run direct. Farm income support is likely to be replaced by support for the development of the rural economy.

, Multi-functionality In Addition to, food productionAlternative off-farm employment opportunities and certain agricultural policies favour land abandonment, in remote inaccessible. Areas often, with difficult unproductive soils.
Policy impact on Landscape: sustainable farming
In 2001 the European,, Council added the environment to its economic and social reform pillars to create the 'Gothenburg Agenda',Farmers as custodians, of the countryside deliver a, wide range of important and socially valuable agri-environmental products. And services which include the management of our landscape. Related services include the protection of water air biodiversity,,,, Archaeological heritage and the, provision of recreational access to the countryside.Less obvious agri-environmental 'products' and services include a clean rural environment prevention of land abandonment,,, Maintenance of genetic diversity of farm animals, and plants control of weeds and pests and mitigation, of climate change.? Agri-food systems also provide security of food supply animal welfare, and maintenance, of, natural amenities overseeing. Of, rural developmentContribution of land use and, spatial policy and support of tourism. This is multi-functional agriculture. It provides. An argument for the continued support of farmers.
In the Cork Declaration the European, Commission (1996) expressed confidence. That there is acceptance of the need for public funding for management of natural resources biodiversity and cultural landscapes,,And that farmers have a duty as stewards of many of the natural resources of the countryside. The European Model of Agriculture. Embodied the concept of multi-functionality in 1997. Traditional payments under the first pillar of the CAP based on, agricultural. Production.A 2007 Communication on the CAP Health Check stated the aim of the European Commission for increased modulation or transfer. Of funds from pillar one to pillar two.

Teagasc research In a Teagasc Survey (Hynes and O 'Donoghue 2009), the general. Public 's perception of farmers as custodians of the countryside was seen to be generally positive. While respondents were. Strongly against:'farmers maximising their income irrespective of the environmental consequences', they agreed that farmers should be compensated.' When environmentally friendly farming costs more '. In terms of the general public' s preferences for future, farm landscapes. There appears to be little difference between those living in urban versus rural settings and those on higher versus lower. Income brackets.Account for almost 90% of agricultural support funds and are unlikely to ensure the multiple outputs of agriculture now. Desired by taxpayers and consumers. Under the second pillar resources are being targeted towards measures addressing the. Multifunctional agenda of farming.The conserved farm landscape is the most preferred indicating the Irish public value the range of agri-environmental products. And services that farming delivers. Despite the publicity in terms of the benefits of biofuels and, renewable energy the. Landscape associated with this (rapeseed and wind turbines) was least preferred.
.Using the generalized Tobit Interval model the average 'Willingness to Pay' for protecting the traditional rural landscape. Was estimated at euros 44 per person (Howley et al, 2009). Income and education had a significant and positive effect. Respondents. With siblings involved in farming; with children; and those living in the countryside were also more willing to pay.Features associated with wider biological and cultural diversity of the countryside such as woodland bogland wild flora,,, And fauna water quality, and features associated with cultural heritage played a more significant role in influencing Willingness. ' To Pay 'than more traditional and scenic features of farming activities such as open grass, covered fieldsGrazing farm animals and well maintained farm buildings. The results would indicate a strong justification for increasing. The support for second pillar objectives under the CAP such as the protection of the rural landscape
Policy mechanisms.
Sustainable land use is the intention of a variety of policy mechanisms such as Cross Compliance Disadvantaged Area Payments,,, Natura, 2000And forestry and agri-environmental schemes. Lessons can and have been learned from past policies resulting in undesirable. Landscape effects. Headage payments for example, encouraged overstocking, of sheep on upland peatlands which resulted, in. Overgrazing loss vegetation, of, soil and erosion. Due to a combination of Commonage, Framework PlanningAnother undesirable landscape effect is scrub encroachment which can impact negatively on natural and cultural, heritage. This is a problem in the Burren one of, the most important and best-known landscapes in Ireland and Europe. The obligation. To maintain land eligible for pillar one payment under the Single, Payment SchemeIn Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition (GAEC) should alleviate the problem of scrub encroachment in future.
. The story of hedgerows illustrates the determining influence of policy decisions. Hedgerows are a visual record of the historical. Processes of land use (McCormack and O ', Leary 2004).Most were planted under obligation of Acts of Parliament in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Until, the 1970s many. Hedgerows remained. Ireland 's entry into the EU in 1973 brought about change with the EU agriculture support system helping. Farmers to modernise and increase productivity. The rate of hedgerow removal between 1908 and 1998 in a study area in Cavan. Was 31% (Keena, the 1998).And decoupling of EU agricultural support subsidies from production, in 2005 overstocking of the uplands has now effectively. Been resolved. Teagasc research in Leenane in Mayo has developed Hill sheep production systems to assist the continued viability. Of producers while reducing environmental impacts.
.Grant aid for land improvement encouraged hedgerow removal until December 1994. A major impact of the Rural Environment. Protection Scheme (REPS) when introduced in July 1994 was the protection of hedgerows. Hedgerows and drains on all farms. Receiving direct payments may soon become protected as landscape features under GAEC. Since 2004 under REPS, 3 and, REPS 4Farmers have undertaken to plant or rejuvenate an incredible hedgerow length of, over 10 000 km the largest, planting in. Over 200 years.

Agri-environment schemes Biodiversity strategies, using trees hedgerows riparian zones, and field margins. Have positive effects on the landscape. There were very positive conclusions from the study:Landscape Impact of REPS - a Quantitative Assessment (O 'Leary et al. 2005). Through REPS this generation, of farmers will. Contribute a lasting positive impression on, the landscape becoming more evident over time, as trees hedgerows and other. Habitats develop Over one million individual native broadleaved trees will be planted. Currently there are 62 000 farmers,, In, REPS

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การสนับสนุนเครื่องมือแปลภาษา: กรีก, กันนาดา, กาลิเชียน, คลิงออน, คอร์สิกา, คาซัค, คาตาลัน, คินยารวันดา, คีร์กิซ, คุชราต, จอร์เจีย, จีน, จีนดั้งเดิม, ชวา, ชิเชวา, ซามัว, ซีบัวโน, ซุนดา, ซูลู, ญี่ปุ่น, ดัตช์, ตรวจหาภาษา, ตุรกี, ทมิฬ, ทาจิก, ทาทาร์, นอร์เวย์, บอสเนีย, บัลแกเรีย, บาสก์, ปัญจาป, ฝรั่งเศส, พาชตู, ฟริเชียน, ฟินแลนด์, ฟิลิปปินส์, ภาษาอินโดนีเซี, มองโกเลีย, มัลทีส, มาซีโดเนีย, มาราฐี, มาลากาซี, มาลายาลัม, มาเลย์, ม้ง, ยิดดิช, ยูเครน, รัสเซีย, ละติน, ลักเซมเบิร์ก, ลัตเวีย, ลาว, ลิทัวเนีย, สวาฮิลี, สวีเดน, สิงหล, สินธี, สเปน, สโลวัก, สโลวีเนีย, อังกฤษ, อัมฮาริก, อาร์เซอร์ไบจัน, อาร์เมเนีย, อาหรับ, อิกโบ, อิตาลี, อุยกูร์, อุสเบกิสถาน, อูรดู, ฮังการี, ฮัวซา, ฮาวาย, ฮินดี, ฮีบรู, เกลิกสกอต, เกาหลี, เขมร, เคิร์ด, เช็ก, เซอร์เบียน, เซโซโท, เดนมาร์ก, เตลูกู, เติร์กเมน, เนปาล, เบงกอล, เบลารุส, เปอร์เซีย, เมารี, เมียนมา (พม่า), เยอรมัน, เวลส์, เวียดนาม, เอสเปอแรนโต, เอสโทเนีย, เฮติครีโอล, แอฟริกา, แอลเบเนีย, โคซา, โครเอเชีย, โชนา, โซมาลี, โปรตุเกส, โปแลนด์, โยรูบา, โรมาเนีย, โอเดีย (โอริยา), ไทย, ไอซ์แลนด์, ไอร์แลนด์, การแปลภาษา.