More generally, it is possible that the home country effects of FDI vary depending on the business environment and economic conditions of the home country. In the host country literature, it has been noted that there are few automatic consequences of FDI, and that many of the effects, e.g. technology spillovers, vary systematically depending on the characteristics of the host country (Kokko 1994, Blomstrom, Globlerman, and Kokko 2001). Similarly, the Swedish experiences of outward investment suggest that effects tend to vary according to home country conditions. In the late 1980s, when the Swedish economy was not very competitive due to overheating, high taxes, and an overvalued exchange rate, Swedish MNCs were apparently unwilling to locate their new strategic investments to Sweden: instead, the new jobs with high value added were frequently found in Swedish affiliates in other European countries. Some years later, when the financial crisis of 1991-1992 had forced the government to introduce substantial economic reforms, the pattern of MNC investment changed. Now, the new jobs created in Sweden were more attractive, with higher value added and higher skill requirements. These experiences suggest that policies aiming to create a favorable business environment in the home country may be the best way to ensure that the effects of outward FDI are beneficial.