4.1.5. Attendance rates/patterns
This theme related to those articles suggesting that attendance patterns of employees may present a risk to the organization.
Absenteeismwas mentioned in one of the articles as a risk, specifically relating to how the use of flexible compensation and temporary
employment may each lead to impacts on productivity and worker absenteeism levels (Battisti & Vallanti, 2013). Of note, the more
recent phenomenon of presenteeism (the converse of absenteeism when a worker attends work but should be on sick leave) was
also the focus of two articles (Demerouti et al., 2009; Luo, Cooper, & Hui Yen, 2013), both suggesting there are negative implications
for employee health and wellbeing, and Demerouti et al. (2009) also noted the potential for impact on productivity. Absenteeism
has been raised often as an issue in the HRM literature and the emergence of presenteeism may expand this focus to a wider range
of attendance-related factors presenting a risk to the organization.