Another transgenic mouse model for lipoatrophy was created using the dominant negative protein A-ZIP/F under the control of the aP2 promoter.22 The transgene A-ZIP/F prevents DNA binding of b-ZIP transcription factors of the C/EBP and Jun families, causing early impairment of growth and differentiation in WAT.22 A-ZIP/F-1 mice are hyperphagic and hypermetabolic, and develop diabetes with marked insulin resistance and fatty liver (Table 1). Implantation of WAT reverses the metabolic phenotype including improvements of whole-body insulin sensitivity, hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia.23 These data demonstrate that a lack of adipose tissue causes diabetes and dyslipidaemia.
Another valuable model for the study of metabolic alterations associated with the lack of WAT is mice that express a constitutively active form of human sterol responsive element binding protein-1c (nSREBP-1c) under the control of the aP2 promoter.24 Surprisingly, the expression of a constitutively active form of the adipogenic factor SREBP-1c leads to reduced WAT mass, most likely due to downregulated expression of essential genes for adipogenesis including peroxisome-proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα).24 aP2-nSREBP-1c mice show a similar but weaker phenotype as the A-ZIP/F-1 mice (Table 1). Lipoatrophy is associated with low leptin levels that could, at least in part, contribute to the phenotype of lipoatrophy models. Indeed, in aP2-nSREBP-1c mice, infusion of recombinant leptin leads to a major improvement in insulin sensitivity, suggesting that leptin deficiency plays a central role in the development of insulin resistance associated with lipoatrophy.25 However, leptin infusion has only moderate effects on insulin sensitivity in A-ZIP/F-1 mice,26 whereas increased insulin sensitivity is observed when A-ZIP/F-1 mice are crossed with skinny mice that overexpress leptin in the liver.27 Severe depletion of adipose tissue is also observed in mice with a targeted disruption of the gene encoding lysosomal acid lipase.28 However, the link between the lack of lysosomal acid lipase and adipose tissue depletion is not yet known. In fatty liver dystrophy mutant mice, a mutation in the gene coding for lipin 1 causes lipodystrophy, suggesting a critical role of this protein in adipocyte differentiation.29 Furthermore, the depletion of BAT in UCP-1-DT-A mice causes decreased energy expenditure and hyperphagia-induced obesity.30 However, UCP-1-DT-A mice can not be considered as a model of human lipodystrophy, since brown fat is not of physiological relevance in adult humans.10 Taken together, data from mouse models for lipoatrophy suggest that adipose tissue is required for maintaining whole-body glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
สร้างรูปแบบเมาส์ถั่วเหลืองอื่นสำหรับ lipoatrophy ใช้หลักลบโปรตีน A-ไปรษณีย์/F ภายใต้การควบคุมของ promoter.22 aP2 transgene A-ไปรษณีย์/F ไม่ให้ดีเอ็นเอมัดบีไปรษณีย์ transcription ปัจจัยของครอบครัว C/EBP และ Jun ก่อให้เกิดผลที่ต้นเจริญเติบโต และสร้างความแตกต่างใน WAT.22 A-ไปรษณีย์/F-1 หนู hyperphagic และ hypermetabolic และพัฒนาโรคเบาหวานต้านทานอินซูลินที่ทำเครื่องหมายและตับไขมัน (ตาราง 1) ฤทธิ์ของวัดกลับ phenotype เผาผลาญรวมทั้งปรับปรุงความไวต่ออินซูลินของร่างกายทั้งหมด hyperglycaemia และ hyperinsulinaemia.23 ข้อมูลเหล่านี้แสดงให้เห็นว่า การขาดของเปลวทำให้เกิดโรคเบาหวานและ dyslipidaemiaAnother valuable model for the study of metabolic alterations associated with the lack of WAT is mice that express a constitutively active form of human sterol responsive element binding protein-1c (nSREBP-1c) under the control of the aP2 promoter.24 Surprisingly, the expression of a constitutively active form of the adipogenic factor SREBP-1c leads to reduced WAT mass, most likely due to downregulated expression of essential genes for adipogenesis including peroxisome-proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα).24 aP2-nSREBP-1c mice show a similar but weaker phenotype as the A-ZIP/F-1 mice (Table 1). Lipoatrophy is associated with low leptin levels that could, at least in part, contribute to the phenotype of lipoatrophy models. Indeed, in aP2-nSREBP-1c mice, infusion of recombinant leptin leads to a major improvement in insulin sensitivity, suggesting that leptin deficiency plays a central role in the development of insulin resistance associated with lipoatrophy.25 However, leptin infusion has only moderate effects on insulin sensitivity in A-ZIP/F-1 mice,26 whereas increased insulin sensitivity is observed when A-ZIP/F-1 mice are crossed with skinny mice that overexpress leptin in the liver.27 Severe depletion of adipose tissue is also observed in mice with a targeted disruption of the gene encoding lysosomal acid lipase.28 However, the link between the lack of lysosomal acid lipase and adipose tissue depletion is not yet known. In fatty liver dystrophy mutant mice, a mutation in the gene coding for lipin 1 causes lipodystrophy, suggesting a critical role of this protein in adipocyte differentiation.29 Furthermore, the depletion of BAT in UCP-1-DT-A mice causes decreased energy expenditure and hyperphagia-induced obesity.30 However, UCP-1-DT-A mice can not be considered as a model of human lipodystrophy, since brown fat is not of physiological relevance in adult humans.10 Taken together, data from mouse models for lipoatrophy suggest that adipose tissue is required for maintaining whole-body glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
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