Introduction
Radiation injuries and radioprotectors
Radiation induced injury is a limiting factor in radiation related approaches from earth to space. Inductions of a wide spectrum of damages in radiotherapy patients due to unwanted normal tissues irradiation and space radiation related diseases in astronauts have been caused many limitations in cancer treatment and space missions [1–4]. Developments of radiation related damages have led to the conclusion that radiation can result in diminished quality of life and carries the potential for severe debilitating disease. In radiotherapy, the mechanism of normal tissues injury is very complex and based on dose, manifestation time, volume of irradiated tissue and radiosensitivity can be categorized as acute and late injuries. Speaking generally, interaction of low LET ionizing radiation with normal tissues results in formation of free radicals such as reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) that cause oxidative stress and activation of some transcription factors, pro-inflammatory molecules and cytotoxicity by inducing DNA damage, alteration of cell function/phenotype, resulting in chronic inflammation, organ dysfunction, and ultimate fibrosis and/or necrosis [5,6] (Fig. 1). In the other hand, radiation environment in space is very unique and complex and has three components including: galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), solar particle events (SPE) and trapped energetic particles (TEP). The high LET/charge/ energy particles such as protons and Helium from GCR can cause more complex biological effects. In addition to cardiovascular, CNS, hematopoietic and many other diseases, recent evidence show, GCR leads to cognitive impairment and increased Ab plaque accumulation and so Alzheimer’s disease
แนะนำบาดเจ็บรังสีและ radioprotectorsRadiation induced injury is a limiting factor in radiation related approaches from earth to space. Inductions of a wide spectrum of damages in radiotherapy patients due to unwanted normal tissues irradiation and space radiation related diseases in astronauts have been caused many limitations in cancer treatment and space missions [1–4]. Developments of radiation related damages have led to the conclusion that radiation can result in diminished quality of life and carries the potential for severe debilitating disease. In radiotherapy, the mechanism of normal tissues injury is very complex and based on dose, manifestation time, volume of irradiated tissue and radiosensitivity can be categorized as acute and late injuries. Speaking generally, interaction of low LET ionizing radiation with normal tissues results in formation of free radicals such as reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) that cause oxidative stress and activation of some transcription factors, pro-inflammatory molecules and cytotoxicity by inducing DNA damage, alteration of cell function/phenotype, resulting in chronic inflammation, organ dysfunction, and ultimate fibrosis and/or necrosis [5,6] (Fig. 1). In the other hand, radiation environment in space is very unique and complex and has three components including: galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), solar particle events (SPE) and trapped energetic particles (TEP). The high LET/charge/ energy particles such as protons and Helium from GCR can cause more complex biological effects. In addition to cardiovascular, CNS, hematopoietic and many other diseases, recent evidence show, GCR leads to cognitive impairment and increased Ab plaque accumulation and so Alzheimer’s disease
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