ting to a Process-based Layout. The next step involves converting the production area to a cellular layout by rearranging the process elements so that processing steps of different types are conducted immediately adjacent to each other. For example, machines are usually placed in U or C shape to decrease the operator's movement, and they are placed close togther with room for only a minimal quantity of WIP. The process flow is often counterclockwise to maximize right hand maneuvers of operators.