The fndings regarding group differences in ninth-graders’
economic knowledge (Figure 3) and media literacy skills
(Figure 4) are quite similar. Students who experience lecture-
focused civic education, interactive civic education, or a
combination of both have higher knowledge and skills
than students who receive neither type of civic education.
Specifcally, students who do not have traditional civic
education and who also do not have interactive civic
education have knowledge and skill scores that are
substantially lower than the mean of 10