A preliminary screening examined abstracts of the numerous initial search results, gauging whether articles indeed appeared to concern attitudes toward older adults in Eastern or Western societies. After removing duplicate references, we examined 124 potentially eligible full-text articles to see if they fully met inclusion criteria. Of these articles, 84 were excluded: 26 due to being purely qualitative and thus lacking quantitative information for effect size calculation, 21 due to lacking a cross-cultural focus, 25 that lacked
East–West comparison specifically, and 12 that did not concern attitudes toward aging or older adults. Meanwhile, another 10 were potentially eligible but initially unavailable, due to insufficient reporting of data or full-text articles being unobtainable from online databases or interlibrary loan.