Despite large-scale power system blackouts being very low probability events, their
study is of great interest, due to the immense costs and consequences of such events for
customers, societies and industries [1]. In previous decades, due to economic pressure
from electricity markets and environmental constraints, power system operators have
been forced to operate power transmission systems in highly stressed conditions closer
to the system limits than ever before [1]. In this same period, the number, and size, of
large-scale power system blackouts has increased. For example, the US-Canada
blackout on August 14, 2003 [2] and the Italy blackout on September 28, 2003 [3]
involved more than 100 million customers. Figure 1.1 presents the consequences, in
terms of customers affected, of significant blackouts.
Figure 1.1: Statistics of blackouts: customers affected [1].
It is rare for large-scale power system blackouts to be directly caused by a single large
disturbance. However, a single large disturbance in a stressed system may cause a
series, or cascade, of unplanned and unexpected sequential events. These events will
incrementally increase the stress on the system and force it into a more vulnerable state
of operation. If proper protection and control actions are not taken quickly and properly
(e.g. load shedding, reactive power support and controlled islanding), then the system
Customers Affected
Despite large-scale power system blackouts being very low probability events, theirstudy is of great interest, due to the immense costs and consequences of such events forcustomers, societies and industries [1]. In previous decades, due to economic pressurefrom electricity markets and environmental constraints, power system operators havebeen forced to operate power transmission systems in highly stressed conditions closerto the system limits than ever before [1]. In this same period, the number, and size, oflarge-scale power system blackouts has increased. For example, the US-Canadablackout on August 14, 2003 [2] and the Italy blackout on September 28, 2003 [3]involved more than 100 million customers. Figure 1.1 presents the consequences, interms of customers affected, of significant blackouts.Figure 1.1: Statistics of blackouts: customers affected [1].It is rare for large-scale power system blackouts to be directly caused by a single largedisturbance. However, a single large disturbance in a stressed system may cause aseries, or cascade, of unplanned and unexpected sequential events. These events willincrementally increase the stress on the system and force it into a more vulnerable stateof operation. If proper protection and control actions are not taken quickly and properly(e.g. load shedding, reactive power support and controlled islanding), then the systemCustomers Affected
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