At farm-household level, income derived from other crops
and livestock activities, as well as from off-farm employment
becomes increasingly important for maintaining rural livelihoods. Heads of certified households are older, but noncertified households have a higher dependency rate and thus
hire wage labor more frequently. Food expenditures—particu
larly of the FT and Utz households—increased substantially,
while transport costs to the factory decreased. All households
manifested an improvement in their economic situation, but
only FT/Utz -muticertified households also register an
increase in their savings.