memory test involve a mixture of explicit memory and implicit memory. Various criticisms have been made of the process-dissociation procedure of jacoby et al. Of particular concern is the assumption that implicit or automatic processes and explicit or controlled processes are totally independent of each other. If participants are instructed to complete word stems with the first word that comes to mind but to avoid words encountered previously,they are likely to use an implicit pr automatic process followed by an explicit or controlled process. Such instructions are likely to lead to use of a generate-recognise strategy in which implicit and explicit processes are not independent of each other. Jacoby studied the effects of such a strategy,violates assumptions of the estimation procedure.